Providing access to and the protection of cultural goods—intangible and tangible heritage—is carried out primarily by institutions such as museums, galleries or local cultural centres where temporary exhibitions are shown. The international community also attempts to protect architectural objects or entire urban layouts, raising their status by inscribing them on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Contemporary museums, however, are not properly prepared to make museum exhibits available to the blind and visually impaired, which is confirmed by both the literature studies on the subject and the occasional solutions that are put in place. The development of various computer graphics technologies allows for the digitisation of cultural heritage objects by 3D scanning. Such a record, after processing, can be used to create virtual museums accessible via computer networks, as well as to make copies of objects by 3D printing. This article presents an example of the use of scanning, modelling and 3D printing to prepare prototypes of copies of museum objects from the Silk Road area, dedicated to blind people and to be recognised by touch. The surface of an object has information about it written in Braille before the copy-making process is initiated. The results of the pilot studies carried out on a group of people with simulated visual impairment and on a person who is blind from birth indicate that 3D models printed on 3D replicators with the fused filament fabrication technology are useful for sharing cultural heritage objects. The models are light—thanks to which they can be freely manipulated, as well as having the appropriate smoothness—which enables the recognition of decorative details present on them, as well as reading texts in Braille. Integrating a copy of an exhibit with a description about it in Braille into one 3D object is an innovative solution that should contribute to a better access to cultural goods for the blind.

This paper presents the results of investigations on the effect of thermochemical treatment, boronising and chemical composition of selected structural steels on their wear in sliding friction process. The operation of boronising on C45, 37CrNiMo, 42CrMo6, 41Cr4, 50CrSi4-4 steels was performed by powder method at 950°C for 8 h. Following this operation, rod sections of the test steels were subjected to quench hardening from 850°C with isothermal holding at 300°C for 1h. The assessment of the construction, thickness and microhardness of boronised layers depending on the level of carbon and alloying elements in chemical composition of analysed steels was made. The testing for wear resistance of steels after boronising was carried out with the sliding friction method by applying a load of 150 N, counter-sample rotational speed of 1000 rpm and using aqueous solution of potassium chromate as a cooling medium. The metallographic observations of the structure and thickness measurement of the boronised layers were carried out using a light microscope, while the identification of phases was made by the X-ray qualitative analysis method. The hardness and microhardness measurements were taken by the Vickers method.

The subject of this article contains selected methods of optimization of educational work using selected computer tools, such as e-learning. The use of information technologies is a common feature of teaching methods, which include e-learning. Through a distance learning, teaching and learning process became accessible from anywhere, at any age and time. Virtual contact between the teacher and the student is in many cases far more convenient for both of them. Training and e-learning courses are very popular. They are carried out not only in school or academic environment but also in the business one. Distance education is used as a tool to support learning process, and its use may allow easy management of materials, allowing to create flexible educational methods.

The paper discusses the aspects of potential use of 3D printing technology in the process of manufacturing elements with different layer fillings. In 3D printing technology, the denser the percentage of filling a material, the higher the mechanical strength of a given element. However, in the literature on the subject, the dependence on these parameters for additive technology has not been unequivocally determined. Therefore, the aim of the study is to find a correlation between the internal structure of the elements understood as a percentage of filling the material produced by 3D printing technology and the impact strength achieved by these elements. To carry out the research process, sets of polymeric samples were prepared using 3D FDM printing. The shape and dimensions of the samples were determined in accordance with the PN-EN 10045-1 standard. The samples were made by means of the Printo H3 device with a closed working chamber, using ABS polymer filament. The samples were filled with a percentage interval of 10%. Impact strength tests of polymeric samples were carried out on a Charpy hammer stand adapted for this purpose. In this way, the results concerning the breaking energy were collected for particular groups of samples. The collected data allowed us to determine the relationship between the percentage of filling the sample and the energy absorbed by the sample. The results provided the basis for conclusions and recommendations regarding one of the most important technological parameters – the percentage of printed element filling.

Finite Element Method (FEM) called Finite Element Analysis is a tool for computeraided engineering and analysis. It is used to solve problems related to changes in the geometry of the structure as a result of external factors. FEM is used to model engineering processes where real objects are converted to discrete models. Finite Element Method uses a method of obtaining approximate solutions by approximation of partial differential equations. The process of testing and mathematical computation model is described by the equations function of the position and time for the nodes. The development of individual models and their groups and definitions of boundary conditions are carried out using computer programs for FEM.

In this article we introduce the concept of computer graphics and graphical application C.a.R (Compasses and Ruler), its basic commands and several examples associated with the geometry. This subject is at all levels of knowledge in various stages of development. We will present the C.a.R possibilities that can be used in secondary schools, high schools and colleges. We show function graphs of varying degrees of difficulty that are too complicated for the human imagination.

Counteracting the social and educational exclusion of visually impaired people is an important issue in the area of knowledge transfer, also in the area of cultural heritage. Visually impaired people get to know the world in an organoleptic way, where the leading cognitive factor is touch. This type of cognitive method cannot be used in museology and historical architecture. Current attempts to solve this problem lead to the use of additive technology understood as 3D printing. The paper presents a modified procedure for obtaining digital 3D models with the use of Autodesk Inventor version 2021, dedicated to creating scalable replicas of architectural objects using additive technology. The applied procedure uses the decomposition of the object into its components and the acquisition of data from terrestrial 3D laser scanning (FARO Focus 3D scanner, Faro Scene software). Printing in the Fused Filament Fabrication technology of a designed minaret representing the architecture of the Timuridian period (minaret of the Ulugh Beg Madrasa in Samarkand, Uzbekistan), originating from the Silk Road area, was carried out due to the size of the facility, divided into several parts. The obtained replica of the minaret was presented to people with simulated pattern dysfunction and a blind person and tested in a pilot test. The obtained results confirmed that the decomposition of the object for the purposes of 3D modelling, the diversified scaling of individual elements to make real 3D replicas of the digital model facilitated the kinesthetic recognition of the relevant architectural object for the respondents.

The aim of this study was to determine and select boundary conditions of modeling and FEM simulation for plastic processing on the example of sheet-metal forming. For sheet-metal deformation analysis, Deform 3D has been used. The study presents research methods for real and virtual conditions. There are also described common features and these differentiating obtained results. Research of conducted process of sheet-metal forming allows to determine the effectiveness of computer research methods. The finite-element method can be used as an effective tool for the study of plastic processing phenomena considering various operating conditions of individual elements provided the appropriate tools for FEM analysis.