Preparation of 3D Models of Cultural Heritage Objects to Be Recognised by Touch by the Blind—Case Studies

Abstract

Providing access to and the protection of cultural goods—intangible and tangible heritage—is carried out primarily by institutions such as museums, galleries or local cultural centres where temporary exhibitions are shown. The international community also attempts to protect architectural objects or entire urban layouts, raising their status by inscribing them on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Contemporary museums, however, are not properly prepared to make museum exhibits available to the blind and visually impaired, which is confirmed by both the literature studies on the subject and the occasional solutions that are put in place. The development of various computer graphics technologies allows for the digitisation of cultural heritage objects by 3D scanning. Such a record, after processing, can be used to create virtual museums accessible via computer networks, as well as to make copies of objects by 3D printing. This article presents an example of the use of scanning, modelling and 3D printing to prepare prototypes of copies of museum objects from the Silk Road area, dedicated to blind people and to be recognised by touch. The surface of an object has information about it written in Braille before the copy-making process is initiated. The results of the pilot studies carried out on a group of people with simulated visual impairment and on a person who is blind from birth indicate that 3D models printed on 3D replicators with the fused filament fabrication technology are useful for sharing cultural heritage objects. The models are light—thanks to which they can be freely manipulated, as well as having the appropriate smoothness—which enables the recognition of decorative details present on them, as well as reading texts in Braille. Integrating a copy of an exhibit with a description about it in Braille into one 3D object is an innovative solution that should contribute to a better access to cultural goods for the blind.

3D scanning digital models for virtual museums

“…The probable cause of this phenomenon may be partly related to the number of cores and threads available in each CPU. The PC 1 has the largest number of cores (8) and threads (16), which in this case results in the lowest CPU resource consumption. The PC 2 and the laptop 1, on the other hand, have the same number of cores ( 4), but the laptop 1 has more threads (8) compared to the PC 2 (4), which may explain the worse result of the PC 2.…”

“…Virtual museums available in a form of online applications require optimal 3D preparation of digital exhibits for “smooth” operation, that is, minimizing their size (triangle mesh, textures) while maintaining quality acceptable to recipients. This causes various difficulties at the stage of application development 15,16 . Kesik et al characterized the available methods of scanning historical objects in their study.…”

“…This causes various difficulties at the stage of application development. 15,16 Kesik et al characterized the available methods of scanning historical objects in their study. One of them is the use of a stationary device on which the item is placed and automatically scanned.…”

3D scanning digital models for virtual museums

“…The probable cause of this phenomenon may be partly related to the number of cores and threads available in each CPU. The PC 1 has the largest number of cores (8) and threads (16), which in this case results in the lowest CPU resource consumption. The PC 2 and the Laptop 1, on the other hand, have the same number of cores ( 4), but the Laptop 1 has more threads (8) compared to the PC 2 (4), which may explain the worse result of the PC 2.…”

“…minimising their size (triangle mesh, textures) while maintaining quality acceptable to recipients. This causes various difficulties at the stage of application development 15,16 . Kesik et al characterised the available methods of scanning historical objects in their study.…”