The Sulawesi black macaque (Macaca nigra) population at Tangkoko Nature Reserve in North Sulawesi, Indonesia has been the focus of periodic study for over 30 years. The population has shown considerable decline during much of that time. Here we present the results of a long-term population survey of the Tangkoko M. nigra, conducted over the past decade, to provide updated information and on-going assessment of the population. Line-transect sampling was conducted annually from 1999 to 2002 and 2005 to 2011 along the same transect during a 2- to 3-week survey period. Although further decline in the population was observed at the outset of the survey, over the subsequent 12-year period we have seen stability in the population parameters with evidence of modest increases in both group and population density. During the 1999-2002 survey periods, there was a mean group density of 3.6 groups/km(2) and a mean population density of 39.8 individuals/km(2) . During 2005-2011, mean group density increased to 3.8 groups/km(2) and mean population density was 51.4 individuals/km(2) . The 2011 survey data indicated an estimated group density of 4.3 groups/km(2) and a population density of 61.5 individuals/km(2) . Given that our transect was located in the core of the Tangkoko reserve, our density estimates should be limited to that area of the reserve. One explanation for the apparent stabilization of the population may be tied to the increasing and sustained number of training and research programs being conducted at the reserve. This collective effort by local and international groups may be helping to reduce illegal activity in the reserve (i.e., hunting and habitat destruction) and generate greater awareness of this critically endangered species. Without the continued vigilance afforded by the existing research and training programs and the support and involvement of the local people, the M. nigra at the Tangkoko Nature Reserve will likely face further decline.
The tradition of eating and trading wild animals (bushmeat) is said to have existed for thousands of years ago and has remained to this day. Forest rats are one of the wild animals which in recent times have been hunted and used meat for consumption. The phenomenon of scarcity and decline in the population of forest rats in their habitat in the forest area of North Sulawesi is thought to have begun. The objective of this study was to investigate the hunting activities of white-tailed rat by the Minahasa tribe, North Sulawesi from September to October 2018. The method used snowball sampling for selecting rat hunters as respondents. A total of 60 hunters were interviewed in two villages. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires surveys. The result shows that local people generally do hunting for hobby (55%). They are generally farmers, with low levels of education and income. They primarily use guns (4 8.33%) for catching rats, while the other use dog (23.33%), trap (8.33%) and all three (20%). Hunting time of white-tailed rat done during day and night. There are other types of wild animals that are hunted such as bat, bird, wild pig, snake, and squirrel.
Abstract. Laatung S, Fuah AM, Masy’ud B, Sumantri C, Salundik. 2021. Species of white-tailed forest rats hunted and traded, their conservation status and habitat characteristics, in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2778-2784. The tradition of hunting and trading white-tailed forest rats, especially in North Sulawesi, has been practiced for generations. This poses a threat to the existence of these animals in their natural habitat leading to the extinction of some hunted species. In the past, studies on white-tailed rats being hunted and traded on Sulawesi is still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the species of white-tailed forest rats hunted and traded, their conservation status and habitat characteristics in North Sulawesi. This study was conducted in April to June 2018 in Minahasa and Bolaang Mongondow District, North Sulawesi. The survey methods used involved visiting hunters, recording and taking pictures of the species of rats being hunted and traded. All samples of white-tailed rats were identified in the Zoological Laboratory, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Bogor, West Java. Furthermore, ascertaining the general characteristics of the habitat was carried out using a general survey in locations known as distribution areas in North Sulawesi. The identification of 125 individuals consists of 8 species of white-tailed forest rats from 7 genera, which are commonly hunted. They include Rattus xanthurus (Gray, 1867), Bunomy fratrorum (Thomas, 1896), Lenomys meyeri (Jentink, 1879), Paruromys dominator (Thomas, 1921), Echiotrix leucura (Gray, 1879), Taeromys taerae (Sody, 1932), Maxomys hellwaldi (Jentink, 1879) and Maxomys musschenbrooki (Jentink, 1878). Four out of the eight species of white-tailed forest rats are protected species according to the IUCN Redlist. The white-tailed forest rats identified in this study, were caught in secondary forest and plantation, ranging from an altitude of 500 - 1.500 meters above sea level. Their main sources of feed include Areca catechu, Piper aduncum, Ficus spp., and Arenga piñnata.
THE USE OF SHOOT STRATIFICATION OF YAKI (Macaca nigra) at DUASUDARA TANGKOKO NATURE RESERVE NORTH SULAWESI. The Sulawesi black macaques (Macaca nigra) habitat at the Tangkoko and Duasudara Nature Reserves in North Sulawesi Indonesia has been the focus of periodic assessment since the late 1970s. Ongoing habitat loss and hunting remain the primary threats to the macaques in these adjacent reserves. Surveyed on habitat condition (including vegetation stratum utilization profile) and the interaction between yaki and local people around the nature reserve were conducted over a four-month period. Methods used diagram for habitat profile and interviewed for interaction between yaki and local people. They used stratum A and B frequently (65.21%) in the forest and prefer big trees, with many branch to sleep. The spread of population depends on the availability of resources in the forest. Without increased efforts to reduce hunting pressure and habitat loss, the future of this population is in question. Keywords: The use of shoot stratification, macaca nigra, nature reserve
Abstract. Ransaleleh TA, Wahyuni I, Kawatu M, Laatung S, Lambey L, Rembet UNWJ. 2022. Growth of Pteropus alecto bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in cages. Biodiversitas 23: 6313-6319. Black Flying Fox (Pteropus alecto), known as Paniki yaki, is widely consumed by the residents of Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is imported from outside the provinces of Gorontalo, Central Sulawesi, and South Sulawesi. The peak of selling bats in Sulawesi is during Thanksgiving Day and religious holidays such as Easter, Christmas, and New Year. Even though the conservation status of this species, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is of Least Concern, this species will one day become extinct due to continuous exploration without control. Conservation or cultivation is one of the efforts to preserve this type of bat. Cultivation will be successful when the growth of this mammal is outside the habitat. Therefore, research has been conducted on breeding this animal in cages using five bats. The bats had been taken from the captivity in Wanea Sub-district, Manado city, 58-533 days old. The fruits given as food are papaya, banana, and mango, and the variables measured were the amount of consumption, body weight gain, and morphometry. Furthermore, the data obtained were tabulated and narrated descriptively. The results showed that consumption of P. alecto 1,2,3,4 and 5 fruits were 110.64, 147.86, 192.61, 249.18, and 331.61 g/day, with body weight gain of 0.50, 0.53, 0.96, 1, 17, 1, and 50 g/day. The morphometric growth of P. alecto 1 was total body length 0.10, forearm 0.06, tibia 0.03, ear 0.01 and wingspan 0.08 mm/day. Sequentially, the morphometric growth of P. alecto 2 was 0.11, 0.07, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.12 mm/day, while P. alecto 3 was 0.29, 0.13, 0.06, 0.03, and 0.89 mm/day. The growth of P. alecto 4 was 0.19, 0.02, 0.02.0.01 and 0.89 mm/day, while P. alecto 5 was 0.20, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.85 mm/day. In conclusion, the 1st and 2nd P. alecto were in early bone growth, while the 3rd P. alecto was in bone and meat growth, meanwhile, the 4th and 5th P. alecto were in meat and slow bone growth.
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