Two Gram-negative, moderately halophilic, and motile rod bacteria, strains G2-23T and J2-29T, showing catalase- and oxidase-positive activities were isolated from marine algae. Both strains optimally grew at 30°C, pH 7.0, and 2% (w/v) NaCl. Both strains contained ubiquinone-10 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. As major cellular fatty acids and polar lipids, strain G2-23T contained summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c), C16:0, and summed feature 3 (iso-C15:0 2-OH and/or C16:1 ω7c/ω6c) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PME), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), and an unidentified phospholipid (PL), respectively, while strain J2-29T contained summed feature 8, C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl, and C16:0 and PE, PME, PG, SQDG, and PL, respectively. The genomic DNA G + C contents of strains G2-23T and J2-29T were 59.5 and 62.2 mol%, respectively. Both strains shared 97.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 79.8% average nucleotide identity (ANI), and 22.8% digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (DDH) value, indicating that they are different species. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses by 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences, respectively, revealed that strains G2-23T and J2-29T formed different phylogenic lineages within the genus Hoeflea. ANI and digital DDH values between strains G2-23T and J2-29T and other Hoeflea type strains were less than 79.0 and 22.1% and 80.5 and 23.3%, respectively, representing that they are novel species of the genus Hoeflea. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular properties, strains G2-23T and J2-29T represent two different novel species of the genus Hoeflea, for which the names Hoeflea algicola sp. nov. (G2-23T = KACC 22714T = JCM 35548T) and Hoeflea ulvae sp. nov. (J2-29T = KACC 22715T = JCM 35549T), respectively, are proposed.
A novel Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-endospore-forming, flagellated bacterium, designated strain Yeonmyeong 2-22, was isolated from surface seawater of Geoje Island, Republic of Korea. Strain Yeonmyeong 2-22 showed algalytic activity against the seven strains tested: Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Heterocapsa triquetra, Prorocentrum minimum and Skeletonema costatum. A taxonomic study was carried out based on a polyphasic approach to characterize the exact taxonomic position of strain Yeonmyeong 2-22. The bacterium was able to grow at 10-40 °C, at salinities from 0 to 9 %, at pH from 4.0 to 9.0 and was not able to degrade gelatin or casein. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Yeonmyeong 2-22 was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Porphyrobacter, which belongs to the family Erythrobacteraceae, and was related most closely to Porphyrobacter dokdonensis DSW-74 with 97.23 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The dominant cellular fatty acids of strain Yeonmyeong 2-22 were C18 : 1ω7c (49.7 %), C16 : 0 (12.0 %) and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c (11.5 %), and ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) was the predominant respiratory lipoquinone. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Yeonmyeong 2-22 was calculated to be 63.0 mol%. Phenotypic characteristics of the novel strain also differed from other members of the genus Porphyrobacter. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic data, strain Yeonmyeong 2-22represents as a novel species of the genus Porphyrobacter, for which the name of Porphyrobacter algicida sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Yeonmyeong 2-22 (=KEMB 9005-328=JCM 31499).
We conducted a taxonomic study of two algicidal bacteria, designated strains Yeonmyeong 1-13 and Yeonmyeong 1-11, isolated from seawater off Geoje Island in the South Sea, Republic of Korea. The two novel strains were yellow-pigmented, halotolerant, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria. Both strains were able to grow at 5-39 °C, pH 5.0-10.0 and 0-11 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strains Yeonmyeong 1-13 and Yeonmyeong 1-11 belonged to the genus Stakelama and are closely related to Stakelama pacifica JLT832 (98.37% and 98.22 % sequence similarity, respectively). The pairwise sequence similarity between strains Yeonmyeong 1-13 and Yeonmyeong 1-11 was observed to be 99.50 %. In both strains, the only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10; the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid; the major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and C14 : 0 2-OH. DNA G+C content values of strains Yeonmyeong 1-13 and Yeonmyeong 1-11 were 65.1% and 64.9 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness between Yeonmyeong 1-13 and S. pacifica DSM 25059 was 28.7 %, which falls below the threshold value of 70 % for the strain to be considered as novel. The morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished strain Yeonmyeong 1-13 from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Thus, strains Yeonmyeong 1-13 and Yeonmyeong 1-11 represent a novel species of the genus Stakelama, for which the name Stakelama algicida sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Yeonmyeong 1-13 (=KEMB 9005-324=JCM 31498).
Two Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic bacteria, strains L1-7-SET and R6, isolated from marine red algae, were characterized. They shared 99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and a 100 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) value, representing members of a single species. Cells of strains L1-7-SET and R6 were catalase- and oxidase-positive motile rods with a single polar flagellum. Strains L1-7-SET and R6 optimally grew at 30–35 °C, pH 7.0–8.0 and with 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Ubiquinone-10 was the sole isoprenoid quinone and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) were detected as the major cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C contents of strains L1-7-SET and R6 were both 61.62 mol%. The polar lipids of strain L1-7-SET consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and 120 protein marker sequences revealed that strains L1-7-SET and R6 formed a phyletic lineage within the genus Nitratireductor and they were most closely related to Nitratireductor aquibiodomus NL21T and Nitratireductor kimnyeongensis KY 101T with both 98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. Digital DDH values between strain L1-7-SET and the type strains of N. aquibiodomus and N. kimnyeongensis were 60.3 and 29.5 %, respectively. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features support that strains L1-7-SET and R6 represents a novel species of the genus Nitratireductor , for which the name Nitratireductor rhodophyticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L1-7-SET (=KACC 19076T=KCTC 92231T=JCM 31802T).
A novel Marinomonas-like, aerobic, Gram-reaction-negative, moderately halophilic, acidophilic, motile by a single polar flagellum, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that showed algalytic activity, designated strain Yeongu 1-4, was isolated from surface seawater of Geoje Island in the South Sea, Republic of Korea. The strain was oxidase-negative and weakly positive for catalase. Growth of this bacterium was observed at temperatures from 4 to 42 °C, at salinities from 0 to 12 % and at pH from 4.5 to 9.0, and it was not able to degrade starch, gelatin, casein or Tween 80. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Yeongu 1-4 was related most closely to Marinomonas spartinae SMJ19 with similarity of 99.3 %. However, levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain Yeongu 1-4 and the most closely related species were lower than 70 %, confirming that they represent distinct genomic species. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Yeongu 1-4 was 44.2 mol%. The organism used Q-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and C16 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids. Based on data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain Yeongu 1-4 belongs to a novel species of the genus Marinomonas, within the family Oceanospirillaceae, for which the name Marinomonas algicida is proposed. The type strain is Yeongu 1-4 (=KEMB 9005-327=MCCC 1K00609).
Two Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and aerobic bacteria, strains MSW7T and MSW13T, were isolated from seawater. Cells of strains MSW7T and MSW13T are motile and non-motile rods, respectively. Strain MSW7T optimally grew at 25 °C and pH 7.0 and in the presence of 3 % (w/v) NaCl, whereas strain MSW13T optimally grew at 25 °C and pH 6.0–7.0 and in the presence of 2 % NaCl. As the sole respiratory quinone and the major fatty acids and polar lipids, strain MSW7T contained ubiquinone-8, C16 : 0, C15 : 1 ω8c, C17 : 1 ω8c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), and phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, respectively, whereas strain MSW13T contained menaquinone-6, C15 : 1 ω6c, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strains MSW7T and MSW13T were 37.3 and 29.9 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains MSW7T and MSW13T were most closely related to Colwellia echini A3T and Polaribacter atrinae WP25T with 98.8 and 98.1 % sequence similarities, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain MSW7T and C. echini A3T and between strain MSW13T and P. atrinae KACC 17473T were 73.6 and 22.6 % and 80.4 and 23.8 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strains MSW7T and MSW13T represent novel species of the genera Colwellia and Polaribacter , respectively, for which the names Colwellia maritima sp. nov. and Polaribacter marinus sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains of C. maritima sp. nov. and P. marinus sp. nov. are MSW7T (=KACC 22339T=JCM 35001T) and MSW13T (=KACC 22341T=JCM 35021T), respectively.
Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and yellow-pigmented bacterial strains, designated K20-16T and MSW2, were isolated from a marine red alga (Chondrus species) and seawater, respectively. Both strains were oxidase-positive, weakly catalase-positive and non-flagellated rods with gliding motility. Menaquinone-6 was detected as the sole isoprenoid quinone in both strains. Iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3-OH, iso-C15:1 G, C15:1 ω6c and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) were identified in both strains as major fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was not identified in strain K20-16T, but it was identified in strain MSW2. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains K20-16T and MSW2 were 30.5 and 30.7 %, respectively. Strains K20-16T and MSW2 shared 99.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 97.7% average nucleotide identity (ANI), and 80.5% digital DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) value, indicating that they are the same species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and 92 concatenated core protein sequences revealed that strains K20-16T and MSW2 formed a phylogenic lineage within the genus Tenacibaculum and were most closely related to Tenacibaculum todarodis LPB0136T with 98.3 and 98.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. ANI and digital DDH values between strains K20-16T and MSW2 and other type strains were less than 91.4 and 43.1 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strains K20-16T and MSW2 represent a novel species of the genus Tenacibaculum , for which the name Tenacibaculum aquimarinum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K20-16T (=KACC 22 342T=JCM 35 023T).
A novel, aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain Dol 15-39, was isolated from a seawater sample near Geoje Island in the South Sea, Republic of Korea. The strain was found to be oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. The isolate was observed to grow at temperatures from 4 to 37°C, at salinities of up to 7%, and at pH levels from 6 to 9; moreover, it was not able to degrade starch, DNA, esculin, or tyrosine. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that Dol 15-39 was most closely related to Flavobacterium jumunjinense HME7102 with a sequence similarity of 97.3%. However, the levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between Dol 15-39 and the most closely related species were much lower than 70%, confirming that they represented distinct genomic species. The genomic DNA G + C content of Dol 15-39 was calculated to be 32.6 mol%. MK-6 was the predominant respiratory quinine, while iso-C (25.0%), iso-C G (17.0%), and iso-C 3-OH (10.4%) were the major cellular fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was identified as a major polar lipid, while various unidentified aminolipids and polar lipids were also detected. Based on polyphasic taxonomic data, Dol 15-39 represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name F. aquimarinum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is accessible under the culture collection numbers (KEMB 9005-617 = JCM 31930).
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