Background Adverse drug events (ADEs) occur frequently in oncology and justify continuous assessment and monitoring. There are several methods for detecting them, but the trigger tool method seems the most appropriate. Although a generic tool exists, its use for ADEs in oncology has not been convincing. The development of a focused version is therefore necessary. Objective To provide an oncology-focused trigger tool that evaluates the prevalence, harm, and preventability in a standardised method for pragmatic use in ADE surveillance. Setting Hospitals with cancer care in France. Method The tool has been constructed in two steps: (1) constitution of an oncology-centred list of ADEs; 30 pharmacists/practitioners in cancer care from nine hospitals selected a list of ADEs using a method of agreement adapted from the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method; and (2) construction of three standardised dimensions for the characterisation of each ADE (including causality, severity, and preventability). Main outcome measure The main outcome measure was validation of the tool, including preventability criteria. Results The tool is composed of a final list of 15 ADEs. For each ADE, a 'reviewer form' has been designed and validated by the panel. It comprises (1) the trigger(s), (2) flowcharts to guide the reviewer, (3) criteria for grading harm, and (4) a standardised assessment of preventability with 6-14 closed sentences for each ADE in terms of therapeutic management and/or prevention of side-effects. Conclusion A complete 'ready-to-use' tool for ADE monitoring in oncology has been developed that allows the assessment of three standardised dimensions.

RESUME L'écorce de racines de Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn. (Fabaceae) est traditionnellement utilisée, par trituration aqueuse en instillations nasales, pour traiter l'asthme en Côte d'Ivoire. Des propriétés antispasmodiques sur la musculature lisse du tractus respiratoire d'une part, des propriétés antioxydante et analgésique d'autre part, d'un extrait hydro-éthanolique de cette partie de la plante, ont précédemment été mises en évidence. Les présentes investigations ont consisté en l'évaluation de paramètres cliniques, hématologiques et biochimiques au cours d'une étude de toxicité subaiguë des doses pharmacologiquement actives du même extrait de la drogue végétale. Les tests réalisés, par administration orale de l'extrait à 10, 100, et 1000 mg/kg pc chez des rats de souche Wistar, conformément aux lignes directrices de l'OCDE 407, n'ont pas mis en évidence d'effets toxiques significatifs ni sur les mensurations corporelles (température et poids), ni sur les éléments figurés du sang, ni sur les activités des transaminases ou sur les fonctions métaboliques glucidique et rénale. Ces résultats suggèrent que, dans l'usage antiasthmatique traditionnel de la crise d'asthme, l'extrait ne contient pas de substances mortelles sur 28 jours. Toutefois, des études de toxicité chronique seraient requises pour attester l'innocuité de l'écorce de racines de Dichrostachys cinerea dans un usage au long cours.

Alchornea cordifolia is a medicinal plant, whose ethanolic and methanolic extracts have shown antioxidant activity which could confer hepatoprotective effect, knowing that liver cells are attacked by free radicals. The hepatoprotective effect of these extracts has been demonstrated in models of hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol high doses in animals. However, anti-tubercular drugs at the usual dose present hepatotoxicity risk. Could Alchornea cordifolia help to limit hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tubercular drugs? This work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the hepatoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves (AEAC). The antioxidant activity of A. cordifolia leaves was studied in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging assay and by the iron reduction ability. A phytochemical screening was carried out to identify the chemical groups that could be responsible for this activity. The hepatoprotective effect was demonstrated in a model of hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin in rats. Two hours after induction of hepatotoxicity, the animals were orally administered the AEAC at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. A blood sample was taken on the 11 th day for the evaluation of transaminases, markers of hepatic cytolysis. A totally of 96 rats were used in this study. AEAC showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. Administrated alone, aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves didn't modificate the transaminases, isoniazid and the isoniazid + rifampicin combination resulted in increasing transaminases (ALT and AST) by more than 48%. AEAC at 800 mg/kg reduced AST and ALT levels by more than 45%. AEAC at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg decreased ALT more than 40%. Knowing that antioxidant activity protects liver, the AEAC may by its antioxidant activity, contribute to protect against the hepatotoxicity induced by an-

RESUMELa région de San-Pedro est localisée dans le sud-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire et couvre une superficie de 6 912 km 2 . Les ressources en eau exploitées dans cette région sont constituées des eaux de surface et des eaux souterraines des aquifères des altérites et de fissures du socle précambrien. La présente étude a pour objectif d'analyser les propriétés hydrodynamiques des aquifères fissurés de San-Pedro d'un point de vue statistique et géostatistique, en vue d'une meilleure connaissance et gestion des ressources en eau souterraine. La base de données comporte 110 forages captant les eaux des fissures profondes. La transmissivité a été déterminée par interprétation des essais de pompage à l'aide des méthodes classiques. Le débit spécifique (Q/s) a été calculé pour tous les forages au niveau du troisiè-me palier, après correction des rabattements. Les valeurs de la transmissivité et du débit spécifique oscillent respectivement entre 1,27x10 -6 et 8,59x10 -4 m 2 .s -1 et entre 1,09x10 -2 m 2 .h -1 et 13,2 m 2 .h 1 . Ces deux paramètres s'échelonnent sur trois ordres de grandeurs montrant l'hétérogénéité du milieu. Une relation empirique a été établie entre la transmissivité et le débit spécifique pour la région de SanPedro. Cette relation peut être utilisée pour la détermination de la transmissivité dans les secteurs où elle fait défaut. Le variogramme de la transmissivité est caractérisé par une double structuration. L'estimation de la transmissivité par krigeage est satisfaisante car les valeurs observées et estimées sont comparables. Les résultats acquis dans cette étude concourent à une meilleure compréhension des propriétés hydrogéologiques du sud-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire.Mots clés: aquifère fissuré, San-Pedro, transmissivité, débit spécifique, relation empirique, krigeage.ABSTRACT San-Pedro area is localized in south-western Côte d'Ivoire and covers a surface of 6 912 km 2 . Water resources exploited in this area are constituted of surface waters and groundwater of weathered and fissured aquifers. The aims of this study are to analyze hydrodynamic properties of fissured aquifers of San-Pedro on statistical and geostatistical viewpoints for a better knowledge and management of groundwater resources. Data base includes 110 drillings tapping fissured aquifers. Transmissivity was calculated by interpreting of pumping tests with classical methods. Specific capacity was calculated at the end of the third step for all drillings after correction of drawdowns. Transmissivity and specific capacity values oscillate between 1.27x10 -6 and 8.59x10-4 m 2 .s -1 and between 1.09x10 -2 and 13.2 m 2 .h -1 respectively. These two parameters span three orders of magnitude showing the strong heterogeneity of the medium. An empirical relationship was established between transmissivity and specific capacity of San-Pedro area. This relationship can be used to determine transmissivity in the sectors

Background: Chalcones are open-chain flavonoids which display a large number of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory including antioxidant. The objective of this study was to assess antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of six synthesized chalcones. Methodology: For the current experiments, 1,3-diphenylpropenone (compound R) was used as molecular model to synthetize six compounds, namely three benzyl-benzimidazolyl-chalcones (U1, U2, WAC1) and three imidazopyridinyl-chalcones (V1, V2, V3). All the compounds were evaluated for their ability to scavenge the stable free ABTS •+ radical cation, according to the method develop by Choong et al. In addition, the cytotoxicity test described by Price et al., was performed using healthy human cell line, then in human malignant cell lines (HEP-2, A549). Results: All synthesized chalcones reduced the ABTS •+ radical cation. Indeed, benzyl benzimidazolyl compounds WAC1, U1, U2, by developing respectively 39.61%, 66.09%, and 84.20% percentages of reduction, showed an antioxidant effect 6, 11 and 14 times greater than the compound R (6.14%). As a result, imidazopyridinyl-chalcones compounds, namely V1, V2 and V3 reduced the ABTS •+ radical cation at 91.62%, 99.84% and 97.45% respectively, being 15 and 16 times more active than the compound R.