Alterations in the hematological parameters of Tinca tinca were studied after exposure to lead at different concentrations and durations of exposure. Dose of 75/24 (ppm/h) did not cause significant change in any blood parameter. The 300/48 dose caused a significant increase in hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and a significant decrease in red blood cell (RBC) count and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The 30/24 dose caused a significant increase in Hct and RBC count only. The 30/96 dose caused a significant increase in Hct and a significant decrease in MCHC only. The 30/504 dose caused a significant decrease in RBC count and a significant increase in MCV and MCH. The 75/96 dose caused a significant increase in Hct and a significant decrease in MCH and MCHC. The 75/504 dose caused a significant decrease in Hct, hemoglobin (Hb) and RBC count, and a significant increase in MCV and MCH. These alterations were attributed to direct or feedback responses of structural damage to RBC membranes resulting in hemolysis and impairment in hemoglobin synthesis, stress related release of RBCs from the spleen and hypoxia, induced by exposure to lead.
Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss. is one of the most frequently used ethnomedicinal plant. This research study was designed to decipher the phytochemical screening, pharmacological potential and implementation of scanning electron microscope (SEM). Six different solvents were used to prepare L. orientalis (LO) seed extracts.Phytochemical and antioxidant activities were determined calorimetrically. To investigate antidiabetic, α-amylase inhibition assay was performed. Brine shrimp assay was performed for cytotoxicity and anti-leishmanial via MTT assay. Disc-diffusion assay was performed to detect protein kinase inhibitory, antibacterial and antifungal activities. SEM was used as identification tool. Significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content were identified in methanol extract (LOSM) (95.76 ± 3.71 GAE/mg) and (77 ± 3.60 QE/mg). Highest DPPH scavenging potential (82%) was reported for LOSM. Significant total antioxidant capacity (90.60 ± 1.55 AAE/mg) and total reducing power (94.44 ± 1.38 AAE/mg) were determined for LOSM. Highest α-amylase inhibition was found in LOSM (78.20 ± 1.58%). The highest LD 50 of brine shrimp was found for n-Hexane extract (LOSH) 13.03 μg/ml. All extracts showed strong antileishmanial activity except LOSH. L. orientalis seeds showed significant protein kinase inhibition, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The seeds of L. orientalis were seen to be oblong to obovate, projections, wavy slightly straight, anticlinal wall was raised with apex acuminate. The outer-periclinal wall convex with fine texture. In conclusion, our findings scientifically support ethnomedicinal and biological potentials of L. orientalis seeds. In future, L. orientalis seeds need to be explored for identification and isolation of bioactive compounds. The results obtained necessitate further in vivo studies to evaluate their pharmacological potentials.
Key points• An extensive phytochemical potential study on the seeds of novel medicinal plant Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss. was reported.• Scanning electron microscopy was used as an identification tool and reported for the first time for seeds of L. orientalis.
Authors' Contribution MQ planned the research project. HA Collected samples, performed laboratory work and wrote the article. IA and MZB helped in sampling. SLS provided laboratory facilities at Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad and identified zooplankton species. NS Proofread the manuscript and helped in data analysis.
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