Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic pathogenic bacterium with the ability to develop a strong communication pathway by quorum sensing system and different virulent factors. Among the various important secretions of P. aeruginosa rhamnolipid is important biological detergent, believed to be involved in the development of the biofilm and intercellular communication. It readily dissolves the lung surfactants that are then easily catalyzed by the phospholipases and in this way is involved in the acute pulmonary infection. Objective research work was designed to investigate virulence and gene associated with virulence in P. aeruginosa responsible for pulmonary infections. Methods In current study polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of the rhlR (rhamnolipid encoding) gene of isolated strains. A number of assays were performed that ensured its virulent behavior. Disc diffusion method was used to check its antibiotic resistance. Isolated strains were resistant to a number of antibiotics applied. Result It was found that males are more prone to respiratory infections as compared to females. Male members with age of 44-58 and 59-73 are at a higher risk, while females with age of 44-58 are also at a risk of pulmonary infections. Antibiotic resistance was observed by measuring zone of inhibition in strains GCU-SG-M4, GCU-SG-M3, GCU-SG-M5, GCU-SG-M2, GCU-SG-M1 and GCU-SG-M6. GCU-SG-M2 was resistant to fluconazole (FLU), clarithromycin (CLR), cefixime (CFM) and Penicillin (P10). No zone of inhibition was observed. But it showed unusual diffused zone around the Ak and MEM antibiotic discs. rhl R gene and 16s rRNA gene were characterized and analyzed. Conclusion Findings from current study would help in raising awareness about antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa, and also the sequence of rhl R gene can be used as the diagnostic marker sequence to identify the virulent rhl R gene sequence from the samples when isolated from sputum of Pneumonia patients.

Purpose:  To determine the frequency of dry eyes in patients after cataract surgery and to find out the effect of gender, duration of cataract and age on dry eye symptoms after phacoemulsification. Study Design:  Descriptive Observational study. Place and Duration of Study:  Layton Rehmatulla Benevolent Trust Free Eye and Cancer Hospital, Lahore from October 2015 to April 2016. Methods:  One hundred and twenty patients between 40-80 years of age and suffering from cataract were included. Past medical history and current medical information was recorded. To control bias, only one experienced surgeon carried out the procedures. Follow-up was done at 1st post-operative day, one week, one month and 3 months. Tear film break up time was noted at each visit. Quantitative variables like age and tear film break-up time (TBUT) were presented as mean ± SD. The Qualitative variables were presented as frequency and percentages. Data was stratified according to age, gender and duration of cataract. Post-stratification Chi-square test was applied and p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results:  Out of 120 patients, there were 47 (39%) males and 73 (61%) females. A total of 35 (29.2%) patients had dry eyes. Mean age was 59.11 ± 12.358 years while mean TBUT was 11.27 ± 2.582 seconds. There was no relation of dry eye with gender, duration of cataract and different age groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion:  Frequency of Dry eyes after cataract surgery was 29.2% (n = 35). There was no effect of gender, duration of cataract and age of the patient on the post-operative TBUT after phacoemulsification.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly successful in colonizing in all types of environments. P. aeruginosa colonizing in adverse environment due to the presence of its virulence factors include production of toxins, proteases hemolysins, and formation of biofilms. In man, the most common opportunist pathogen is P. aeruginosa. Metabolically P. aeruginosa is versatile. Most of the antibiotics targeted metabolically active cells and bacteria could contribute to decrease in biofilm susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents. Scientists suggested about Pseudomonas that it can be catabolized any hydrocarbon in specific time along with availability of oxygen and nitrite. If bacteria are not susceptible to one agent in three or more, it is called as multidrug-resistance strains. The antimicrobial treatments were not suitable when microorganism presented in vitro microorganism resistance to antimicrobials used for treatment of the patient which lack of treatment for 24 h after diagnosis of microbial infections. Bacteria have developed resistance against commonly used antibiotics. Treatment of Pseudomonas infections is coming harder day by day as its resistance against most of the antibiotics. Because of resistance of bacteria antibiotics, alternative methods are in consideration. These methods include use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and most recently nano-particles. That is why they are used as antibacterial agents.

BAckGround: Rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) is the commonest complication after YAG posterior capsulotomy. As there are different opinions regarding use of anti-glaucoma therapy before YAG, we compared post-YAG IOP between the patients who had Brimonidine eye drops and those who did not have any anti-glaucoma treatment. MAterIAl And MethodS: It was a prospective study that included patients who had undergone uneventful phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation and YAG posterior capsulotomy. One hundred fifty patients were divided into two groups; (a group with prophylactic brimonidine 0.2% eye drops before laser and a group without any anti-glaucoma therapy). Intraocular pressure was checked pre-laser and one hour after laser procedure. reSultS: Out of 150 patients, 78 were in brimonidine group and 72 in the control group. The mean age of the patients was 60.39 ± 12.98 years. In the brimonidine group, IOP was 12.56 ± 2.38 mm Hg and 12.29 ± 3.64mm Hg before and after YAG, respectively. In the control group, IOP was 12.24 ± 1.53 mm Hg and 13.38 ± 2.84 mm Hg before and after YAG. Brimonidine 0.2% caused a decrease in IOP, but the post-laser IOP difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. The change in IOP before and after using brimonidine 0.2% was also not statistically significant. concluSIon: Every patient undergoing YAG capsulotomy does not require prophylactic anti-glaucoma therapy. Only the patients prone to high IOP, glaucoma suspects, and diagnosed cases of glaucoma should be given prophylactic treatment.

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