The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic temporarily suspended medical student involvement in clinical rotations, resulting in the need to develop virtual clinical experiences. The cancellation of clinical ophthalmology electives and away rotations reduces opportunities for exposure to the field, to network with faculty, conduct research, and prepare for residency applications. We review the literature and discuss the impact and consequences of COVID-19 on undergraduate medical education (UME) with an emphasis on ophthalmic UME. We also discuss innovative learning modalities used from medical schools around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic such as virtual didactics, online cases, and telehealth. Finally, we describe a novel, virtual neuro-ophthalmology elective created to educate medical students on neuro-ophthalmology foundational principles, provide research and presentation opportunities, and build relationships with faculty members. These innovative approaches represent a step forward in further improving medical education in ophthalmology during COVID-19 and beyond.

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Brighter Bites is a school-based health promotion program that delivers fresh produce and nutrition education to low-income children and their families across six cities in the U.S. This paper provides a perspective on how, despite COVID-19-related school closures, Brighter Bites pivoted rapidly to collaborate with medical and public health institutions to improve health and food literacy among their families. Through these partnerships, Brighter Bites was able to rapidly provide accurate, evidence-based information related to COVID-19 and other social needs, including food, housing, transportation, and access to healthcare, to help fill a needed gap in vulnerable communities.

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Bei dem Stichwort Netzsysteme denkt man üblicherweise an elektrische Netzwerke, an Blockschaltbilder von Regelstrecken oder ähnliches. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Begriff des Netzsystems so allgemein definiert, daß auch ganz andere Systeme, wie ζ. B. Schaltwerke oder kommunizierende Programme der Datenverarbeitung, darunter passen. Es wird zwischen Gleichungsbausteinen und Zuweisungsbausteinen fir Netze unterschieden. Aus letzteren entstehen die sogenannten Instanzennetze. Die Erfassung der Dynamik in Instanzennetzen mit diskreten Wertebereichen der Beobachtungsvariablen geschieht mit den sogenannten Kausalnetzen, einer Interpretation der Petri-Netze.Under the keyword network systems one commonly thinks of electric networks, block diagrams of control systems and so forth. In this paper the term network systems is defined in a general way so that even very different systems like switching networks or communicating programs from data processing are encompassed. Equation modules and assignment modules for networks are distinguished. From the latter the so called staged networks arise. The description of the dynamics of networks with discrete range of the observation variables is achieved by means of socalled causal networks, an interpretation of the Petri-nets. Einführende ÜbersichtWegen der digitalen Steuerungen und der Prozeßrechner, die in zunehmendem Maße seinen Alltag bestimmen, muß sich der Automatisierungstechniker längst schon mit zwei Klassen von Systemen befassen, nämlich einerseits mit solchen, deren Dynamik durch Differentialgleichungen erfaßt wird, und andererseits mit solchen, deren Beobachtungsvariablen diskrete Werte haben und deren Dynamik deshalb als Beziehung zwischen Wertänderungsereignissen dargestellt werden muß. Der Unterschied zwischen den kontinuierlichen und den diskreten Systemen erscheint so fundamental, daß dadurch eine andere, systematisch sicher ebenso relevante Klassenbildung verdeckt wird: In die Manuskripteingang: 7. Juli 1981.

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> The aim of this study was to describe the surgical repair of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with a posterior break in a child with retinoblastoma (RB). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Retrospective case report and review of the English language literature. Retrospective review of an 11-month-old male with bilateral retinoblastoma who developed a RRD with a posterior retinal break in his better-seeing eye after treatment with cryotherapy. A review of all published cases to date of RRD in patients with RB is presented. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The patient underwent a posterior segmental scleral buckle without subretinal fluid drainage with successful reattachment of the retina and no extraocular extension of RB. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> RRDs in RB patients may be successfully repaired with anatomic success and no extraocular tumor extension. Even for patients with a posterior break, a segmental scleral buckle without drainage of subretinal fluid is a viable option and long-term excellent vision is a possible outcome.