The need for advance for the development of low-cost Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) centre projects which include all required programs by ASD populations is a crucial component of the growth equation between parents with typically developing (TD) children and parents with ASD children who are stressed due to financial issues. However, there is the budget limit for the Government to spend on these big investment projects despite the worldwide economic recovery is slowing down caused by COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing cost of living. These basic well-being needs should maintain the right direction growth like the demographic growth to satisfy the ASD population's demand. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has been an area of interest, as a new tool for supporting public service provision. PPP has been used worldwide in delivering public sector projects including Malaysia. Its implementation has proven to provide many benefits to the Government and the public as a whole. Therefore, the objective of this study is to enhance the partnership between the public and private sectors so that they can play an important role by collaborating with the Government to create partnerships in searching for enough sources. The conclusion of this study indicated that there are many established ASD centres used philanthropy funding worldwide including Malaysia. However, there is still the need to establish an ASD one-stop centre, to complete all ASD needs and requirements at a lower cost. This study contributes to a better understanding on a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) between Government and ASD centre as the private sector with the collaborations of philanthropic institution such as not-for-profit or religious institutions. The partnership from multi sectors is important to achieve the social indicator goal in ensuring ultimate development for the Government and the public.
The waqf is derived from Arabic roots verb 'waqafah' which means to stop or retrain. Waqf in Islamic law means; holding a certain asset and distribute only the usufruct for certain philanthropy. Waqf is defined by Islamic jurists as the holding of assets that are beneficial and physically lasting in order to be given as charity. Waqf assets and properties are prohibited from being used out of its specific objective. Waqf also can be defined as nonnegotiable property dedicated to charitable purposes. Hence, in general waqf can be explained as dedication of some properties for certain philanthropy in the name of Allah S.W.T. Waqf is applied to non-perishable properties from which benefit and usufruct can be drawn without the property being consumed. The properties cannot be sold, transferred or inherited due to its perpetuity characteristics. Once the asset is declared as waqf, it will remain as waqf forever. It is a great opportunity if the waqf-based funding can help the parents of children with ASD to increase their financial support. Along with the rising of ASD children, the Malaysian government currently introducing a lot of initiatives to help the parents to get and receive early intervention and implementing various financial supports for them. This huge number of expenditures had concerned the government and despite the huge amount used by government, parents are reported to still been burden of financial stress in proper raised children with ASD. They usually have a variety of obligation expenditure to meet their unique needs such as special the treatment, therapy, medicine, education, and others. This obligation is continuously since there is no known cure for ASD. Parents of children with ASD children reported significantly less satisfaction with the assistance they have received since their child's diagnosis. About 93% of parents of children with ASD did not receive adequate financial support for their child's therapy. Moreover, parents should be given an alternative rather than sending their children to the general hospital, which is once a month therapy session, to other private children development centres that offer affordable and lower fees and more frequent sessions of therapy.
This research is based on the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which identified the initial basements about the impact of attitude, awareness, and trust to this theory and how much it influences the future behaviour intention of caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A field survey was conducted in Malacca, Malaysia to collect data from parents and caregivers of children with ASD. Structural equation modelling using the partial least squares (PLS) method with a bootstrap estimate was used to test the research model. The studies related to attitude, awareness, and trust in influencing behaviour intention are available in the Malaysia context. The finding of this study showed that caregivers have high behaviour intention to change the normal environment to more suitable care-centre physical environment for their children with ASD. The behaviour intention significantly influences by the variable of attitude and trust. Furthermore, the variable of trust successfully mediates the relationship between attitude and awareness toward behaviour intention. The results of this study indicate that this research model provide an effective prediction of the behaviour intention and provides valuable implications for academicians and practitioners. Children with ASD have a diverse, complex, and inescapable effect. The interest in setting up a suitable care-centre for children with ASD has mushroomed during the past few years. The key challenge for this enrichment face while serving good to these young children with ASD is the financial resources. Thus, to encounter the lack insight into this core issue, the usage of waqf as financial resource had been highlighted.
Till now, entrepreneurship is commonly clarified as an individually focused economic undertaking (Al-Dajani & Marlow, 2013). Since, entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic development (Zhang et al., 2014), understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the economic process requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship itself. Besides, one of the key issues in the economy related to growth and development is entrepreneurship (Toma et al., 2014). Therefore, sustaining entrepreneurship can become a powerful tool to develop capacity at global and individual levels. Despite that, entrepreneurship will also be able to promote a higher level of economic development. Economic development has always been seen to correlate with wealth distribution or undisbursed wealth that causes poverty. It is recommended to manage the distribution of wealth so that the problems relating to economic development would be reduced. Thus, entrepreneurship in higher education institution (HEIs) is established to develop high impact, low cost, and rapidly executed programs to contribute to the two aforementioned impact areas. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Economic development; Higher Education Institution (HEIs)
Kedermawanan Islam semakin diterima oleh masyarakat dan berkembang pesat di Malaysia serta ianya diyakini memainkan peranan yang penting dalam meningkatkan sektor pendidikan, sosial dan ekonomi negara. Hal demikian dapat dilaksanakan melalui pengurusan dan pentadbiran dana Islam secara sistematik untuk disalurkan kepada golongan yang memerlukan sokongan. Sadaqah, zakat, dan waqaf memberi impak yang besar dan banyak manfaat kepada ummah, dan pembangunan ekonomi yang mampan. Justeru itu, kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk mengupas peranan kedermawanan Islam dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan golongan yang menghidap autisme atau autistik. Golongan autistik ini merupakan golongan rentan yang memerlukan sokongan sepanjang hayat mereka. Oleh itu, amalan kedermawanan Islam akan membantu menangani peningkatan kos sara hidup yang perlu ditanggung oleh ibu bapa/penjaga atau waris, dan kos sepanjang hidup untuk kelangsungan diri, keluarga dan masyarakat. Kertas kerja ini melibatkan sumber data sekunder dan primer iaitu kajian teks dan juga kajian lapangan ke atas responden-responden tertentu seperti ibu bapa/penjaga anak autistik, pihak yang berkaitan dengan perundangan, pihak yang menguruskan harta waqaf (Mutawalli) dan zakat (MAIN), dan pihak yang menyediakan kemudahan terapi serta Pusat Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti (PPDK) oleh Jabatan Kebajikan dan Masyarakat (JKM). Kajian ini dijangka dapat memberi dan mengukuhkan pemahaman berkenaan kepentingan kedermawanan Islam dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidup golongan autistik secara komprehensif. Ianya juga membantu memberikan kesan yang positif kepada pembangunan pendidikan, sosial, dan ekonomi negara. Keywords: Autisme; Kedermawanan Islam; Kesejahteraan; Waqaf; Zakat
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