The COVID-19 pandemic has made a significant impact on the education system. Due to the pandemic, the students are not able to attend the courses physically, so most of the universities have now resorted to online teaching. It is extremely challenging for the faculty to teach via the online mode as they are used to the traditional way of face to face instructional model. Assessment of students is a challenge in the medical field where the students especially are assessed based on case studies and clinical examination. Regular assessment methods may not be possible in an online environment, still, they can be made rigorous by considering and incorporating a few points as narrated in this review.
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has taken a toll on all of us for one year with more than 1.94 million deaths. Despite many educational interventions and precautionary measures, there is increasing number of cases with rising mortality. The only ray of hope in this uncertain situation is the development of “vaccines” against the disease. Several pharmaceutical companies across the world have started vaccine production which are in different phases of clinical trials. Till date only four vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford-AstraZeneca and Gamaleya Sputnik V, have completed the Phase 3 trials, received Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA) and two Indian vaccines-COVISHIELD and COVAXINTM have received restricted use approval and are ready to be given according to the priority list given by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Several countries have started the process of vaccination to their high risk population above the age of 16. In this review, authors have listed the various vaccine options available till the time this article is written, their route of administration, dosage with few concerns related to the storage and safety of the vaccine. Let’s hope that atleast one of the vaccines in the pipeline will give promising results and help us to overcome the pandemic.
The COVID-19 outbreak by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, was reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has gradually evolved into a pandemic. The number of cases is increasing enormously, so is our knowledge of possible signs and symptoms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Few cases develop complications due to excessive cytokine release and uncontrolled immune activation. Several researchers believe that the extensive organ, tissue, and cellular damage done by the virus can be due to antigenic mimicry with the human tissues and the production of autoantibodies. Recent reports of SARS-CoV-2 preceding antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome, Guillain–Barré syndrome, Kawasaki syndrome, etc., provide definite examples of this virus's capability to cause the immune system dysregulation. With the rush to mass immunization against the disease, several types of vaccine candidates are in clinical trials, and the risk of developing autoimmune reactions should be considered due to host and pathogen interactions. Hence, in this review, we aim to summarize the various immune dysregulation autoimmune syndromes concerning the SARS-CoV-2 infection published to date.
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