Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is a highly important and extensively cultivated medicinal plant and that is also extensively used in the cosmetic industry. It has been frequently reported to suffer from Alternaria leaf spot disease in various parts of the world. Various fungicides used to combat this disease, have deleterious effects on the environment and on pharmacologically important constituents of Aloe vera. To avoid the harmful effects of fungicides an ecofriendly approach has been adopted here. A weekly survey was conducted during 2013–2015 in and around North 24 Parganas (West Bengal) to obtain the percentage of disease index (PDI). For biological control of the disease, screening of the antagonistic efficacy of biocontrol agents was carried out through the in vitro dual-culture-plate method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the mechanism. The in vitro effects of fungicides on the radial growth of the pathogen were evaluated through the poison food method and were compared with potent antagonistic fungi. Field application of potent antagonistic fungi was conducted through the dip-and-spray method. The results showed that, the PDI peaked during the hot and humid conditions of May to September (76.57%–98.57%) but decreased during the winter, December-January (35.71–46.66%). Trichoderma asperellum exerted the greatest inhibition of the radial growth of A. brassicae acting through non volatile (70.39%) and volatile metabolites (72.17%). A SEM study confirmed the hyperparasitic nature of T. asperellum through hyphal coiling-T. asperellum was similar to 2% blitox-50 (73.92%) and better than 2% bavistin (59.77%) (in vitro). In agricultural field trials (2013–15), Trichoderma application restricted the disease to the smallest area (PDI 24.00–29.33%) in comparison to untreated plots (73.33%). In conclusion, saplings treated with the dip method (108 spores / mL) and sprayed 4 times with a spore suspension of biocontrol agents such as T. asperellum, T. viride and T. harzianum, standardized at a rate of 2.5 L / plot (36 sq ft) (108 spores/ mL) are suggested for the ecofriendly management of this epidemic leaf spot disease of Aloe vera in agricultural fields.
In human communities inhabiting areas–such as West Bengal- India–where perpetuate the pre-imago & adult developmental stages of mosquitoes; many infectious diseases are still diagnosed such as Dengue, Malaria and Acute Encephalitis Syndrome. The control of the aquatic developmental stages is one of the easiest way to prevent the emergence of adults—the blood feeding adult females being thus prevented to sample their blood meal and to lay their eggs in the aquatic milieu where develop the aquatic pre-imaginal developmental stages. Moreover, reducing the adult population size also the probability of for the blood feeding adult female mosquitoes to act as hosts and vectors of the arboviruses such as dengue virus & Japanese encephalitis virus as well as of Plasmodium . Several environmental factors including water quality parameters are responsible for the selection of oviposition sites by the female mosquitoes. In our study, larval densities of three important mosquitoes ( Aedes / A . albopictus , Anopheles / An . stephensi and Culex / C . vishnui ) were measured and water qualities of their habitat i.e. pH, Specific Conductance, Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total alkalinity (T alk ), Hardness, Nitrate nitrogen and Ammonia nitrogen were analyzed in 2017 and 2018 in many districts of West Bengal where humans beings are suffering from arboviruses and /or malaria. Whereas we have found positive correlation of density of C. vishnui and A . albopictus with the water factors except Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and T alk , for An . stephensi all these factors except pH, COD and T alk have positive correlation. Hardness of the water shows positive correlation with the density of An . stephensi and C . vishnui but negative correlation with density of A . albopictus . Contour plot analysis demonstrates that occurrence of each mosquito species lies in between specific range of water factors. Inter- correlation analysis revealed that mosquitoes were negatively correlated with each other. A positive correlation of the water quality parameters and larval density, over two successive years, was also noticed. In conclusion, the increasing level of pollution due to industrial and other irresponsible waste management system which changes the water quality parameters may also influence mosquito population.
In global scenario cervical cancer is increasing. New drugs from natural compounds are in search. Mushrooms are now recognized as miniature pharmaceutical factories producing hundreds of novel constituents. We have taken ethanolic extract Lenzities betulina (LBE) wild mushroom for evaluation of its as anti-cancer property against cervical cancer cell lines e.g. HeLa, CaSki and SiHa and anti tumor activity against HeLa implanted tumor on mice. The extraction was done by dip and stirring method in 90% ethanol for 72 h. For evaluation of anti-cervical cancer, several assays were performed such as MTT assay, cell morphology by phase contrast microscope and F-action polymerization by Laser scanning confocal microscope and nuclear morphology DAPI staining under inverted fluorescence microscope, MMP, ROS, cell cycle, autophagy and stem cell population by flow cytometry and DNA laddering were done. Western blotting was done for protein expression. To evaluate anti-metastatic activity, anti-cologenic assay and wound healing assay were adopted. For chemo-analysis of the LBE, GC-MS was done. The results from Cytotoxicity assay showed that at highest dose of LBE (1000 µg/ml) after 24 h, percentage of cell inhibitions were 85.13 %, 77.13 % and 47.70 % against HeLa , CaSki and SiHa respectively and the calculated IC 50 values were 492.52 ± 2.6 µg/ml, 612.22 ± 4.2 µg/ml, and 1210.30 ± 6.4 µg/ml respectively . Depending upon the cytotoxicity screening, HeLa cell line was considered for the further studies. Cell morphology study exhibited that LBE treated HeLa cells became round from normal spindle shape. DAPI staining showed that LBE treated nucleus became condensed and fragmented. DNA fragmentation at 230 and 300 base pair zone from agarose gel assay was observed. LBE induced ROS generation and reduced MMP. It up regulated the expression of apoptotic genes and p53 while down regulated Bcl2, pro-caspase 3 and pro caspase-9 gene. Cell cycle was arrested at G2/M checkpoint. Autophagic induction was exhibited by vacuole formation in treated cells. CSC population of treated cells was reduced and F-actin polymerization was observed in treated cells. In addition, LBE suppressed metastatic nature by inhibition of cell migration and colonization. The inhibition of growth of the tumors in HeLa cell-implanted mice showed that treatment with 50 mg LBE/kg of body weight of mice led to a marked reduction in the volume (93.22 ± 9.2 %) and weight (90.42 ±9.55 %) of the tumors. The GC-MS profile of LBE shows that out of 69 compounds, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) and 8, (3.beta22E) are in a significantly higher proportion with the percentage peak area 22.13 and 19.72 respectively. Library search for bioactivity showed that these compounds are anti-cancerous and interestingly 4'-Hydroxy-6methoxyaurone binding with P-glycoprotein inhibits the cancer cells to become drug resistant. In conclusion, LBE is very prominent anti-cervical cancer having a lot of anti-cancerous compounds which are probably acting synergistically. This report of anti-ce...
The silkworm is the larva of the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk in sericulture industry. Among the silkworm diseases, white muscardine and green muscardine caused by Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae respectively possess a major threat to silk cocoon production. White muscardine is more common during rainy and winter seasons whereas green muscardine has its profound effect during hot and humid spells. Both these fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae can be used as biopesticides to control a number of pests such as termites, whiteflies, and many other insects from larvae to adult stages. In this paper in vitro biological control of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae and cellular abnormalities induced by the application of two strains (T12 and T13) of Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma spp. were studied, where T. viride T 12 (80.52%) provides maximum in vitro control of B. bassiana followed by T. harzianum (71.88%), Trichoderma spp. (68.16%) and T. viride T13 (62.89%). Against M. anisopliae, T. harzianum provides maximum in vitro control (68.02%), followed by T. viride T13 (64.68%), T. viride T12 (59.47%) and Trichoderma sp. (57.98%). During the interaction of pathogens and biocontrol agents hyphal coiling, granulation, distortion, vacuolation and bulging were recorded.
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