The article deals with the theoretical aspects of inclusive green economy and practical prospects for its elements' introduction in rural areas of Russia. Discursive variety of interpretations of the green economy allowed identifying the green economy of rural areas with decoupling effect as elimination of direct correlation between the growth of agricultural production and anthropogenic load on agrobiocenoses. Practical implementation of the green economy's inclusive component consists in creation of new production chains in rural settlements and small towns with similar socioeconomic conditions. These chains should be affordable for small enterprises and profitable enough for the formation of financial flows that would ensure socioeconomic development of rural areas of Russia and prevent their decay and depopulation. Scientific and industrial cooperation in the field of biotechnology can solve this problem in combination with ensuring environmentally sustainable development. The production of vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer that provides enhanced reproduction of soil fertility is the most affordable and cost-effective means of rural areas' development. The article analyzes the influence of vermicompost on agrobiocenoses, the prospects of its sale, the raw materials used for its production, as well as replicability and scalability of these technologies. This provides for a socioeconomic basis of expanded reproduction of soil fertility and improving living standards of the rural population.
В статье проведен анализ отдельных аспектов воздействия антропогенных нагрузок, в частности применения агрохимикатов, на экологическое состояние агроэкосистем. Рассмотрены проблемы экологической оптимизации природопользования. Для снижения рисков опасности загрязнения экосистем предусмотрена недопустимость дисбаланса в циклах минеральных и органических элементов, сохранение биологического разнообразия, снижение загрязнения токсичными ксенобиотиками на основе дифференциации и минимизации использования средств химической защиты растений, обоснование приемов повышения КПД агроэкосистем в условиях интенсивного земледелия. Отмечается, что основой экологической оптимизации производства сельскохозяйственной продукции является экологический императив, представляющий собой систему агротехнологических и эколого-экономических регламентаций с учетом степени воздействия антропогенных факторов. В рамках разработанной концепции экологической защиты растений предусматривается управление компонентами агроэкосистем на биоценотическом уровне, выделены три иерархических уровня (агроландшафт, севооборот и агроценоз), на каждом из которых решаются отдельные задачи, определяющие успешную защиту сельскохозяйственных культур. На уровне целостного агроландшафта решаются стратегические задачи, направленные на сохранение естественных факторов, обеспечивающих потенциал для саморегуляции энтомокомплексов. На севооборотном уровне решаются тактические задачи, обеспечивающие общее оздоровление фитосанитарного состояния обрабатываемых земель, а оперативные вопросы непосредственного воздействия на популяции отдельных видов-на уровне полей отдельных культур. ключевые слова: окружающая среда, пестициды, загрязнение, экологическая безопасность, сельские территории
The importance of the biological method of plant protection as one of the prospects for the green economic development in Russia and in the world is discussed in the article. The modern directions of the Russian agricultural science development for the transition to environmentally friendly agricultural production are analyzed. The experience of biological preparations and biological agent’s application in Russia and abroad is considered in the historical aspect. A differentiated approach has been proposed for chemical treatments prescribing, carrying them out only in pest proliferation centers, on border land and catching band, which makes it possible to almost halve the pesticides use. The field research results on the study of the spatial distribution of useful entomofauna in irrigated agricultural landscapes are presented, ways of increasing the species diversity and number of beneficial insects (entomophages and parasites) in agrocoenosis due to the redistribution of useful entomocomplex species in agrocoenosis and natural agricultural landscape are shown.
The article presents the results of studies evaluating the effect from using organic fertilizers or doses, equivalent to them, of mineral fertilizers; how presowing seed treatment with using bischofite impacts the dynamics of the main nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in the arable and subsurface layers of soil when sowing the sandy sainfoin under the irrigation. It is shown that in all options of organic and mineral fertilizers by the end of the vegetation season of the sainfoin growing, there was observed phosphorus content decrease, in both the arable and subsoil layers of the soil. In the subsurface layer, the deficiency of the mobile phosphorus reached 70 % in the control option and in the option with the mineral fertilizers, whereas in the options with the organic fertilizers this deficiency was limited to 40 %. The dynamics of the nitrogen was not negative after three years; the content of this element practically remained at the initial level, having decreased only by 10 %. The dynamics of the potassium in the arable layer of the soil was also not negative, and in the subsurface layer the content of this element slightly decreased.
The research aims at studying the expanded reproduction of soil fertility as the main factor of inclusive green economy adoption in agriculture. Ecological, economic, and social aspects of expanded reproduction of soil fertility are investigated from the viewpoint of the theory of reproduction, which shows a predominantly inverse correlation between capital reproduction and soil fertility reproduction in conventional agriculture. Organic agriculture, inherently characterized by low yields of agricultural crops at increased production costs, at the same time ensures an expanded reproduction of soil fertility. However, expanded reproduction of capital is possible only through the introduction of intensive innovative technologies allowed by national and international regulations for the production of organic food. Therefore, organic farming is of particular science intensity in terms of biological protection of plants, resource-saving regimes and irrigation technologies, the use of more efficient and environmentally friendly organic fertilizers as compared to manure. Scientific and industrial cooperation in the implementation of these end-to-end technologies will create the reverse effect of decoupling resulting in the loss of direct correlation between expanded reproduction of soil fertility and reduction in farmers' capitals. Due to this, the practice will be widely applicable in the sustainable development of organic farming and green economy.
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