This paper analyzes the Canadian pension retirement incomes by focusing on gender and immigration dynamics. Our findings demonstrate that elderly women living alone and post-1970 immigrants face very strong likelihoods of having to rely on the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), the means-tested component of Canada's pension system, which is an indication of poverty and of their restricted capacity to maintain an autonomous household. The strong reliance of both public and private earnings-related pensions accentuates the disparities found within the labour market causing both women and immigrants to have lower earnings. The latter group also suffers from residency requirements attached to both basic pension programs (GIS and Old Age Security).
This paper analyzes Canadian retirement incomes by focusing on the dynamics of gender and immigration. We demonstrate that elderly women living alone and post-1970 immigrants are more likely to rely on the means-tested component of Canada's pension system, the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), which is an indication of their restricted capacity to maintain an autonomous household. The strong reliance of the Canadian pension system on both public and private earnings-related pensions accentuates the disparities within the labour market, causing both women and immigrants to have lower earnings in retirement. In addition, immigrants suffer from the residency requirements attached to basic pension programs.
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