The Impact of Gender and Immigration on Pension Outcomes in Canada

Marier, Patrik; Skinner, Suzanne

doi:10.3138/cpp.34.4.s59

Cited by 22 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Furthermore, all studies agree that, in terms of living situation, elderly women living alone have higher poverty risk than their counterparts that share a household (Choi 2006; OECD 2008 a ; Smeeding and Williamson 2001). Finally, several studies have found a positive correlation between number of children and old-age poverty risk among women (Choudhury and Leonesio 1997; Marier and Skinner 2008).…”

Section: Poverty Among Elderly Womenmentioning

confidence: 98%

Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium: interactions between family history, work history and pension regulations

Peeters

Tavernier

2014

Ageing and Society

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The precarious financial situation of many elderly women in developed countries is well established. Nevertheless, in-depth insight into the persistent vulnerability of this group remains largely absent. In this article, we demonstrate how a specific focus on the interaction between work history, family history and pension regulations can provide greater insight into the mechanisms that produce poverty among elderly women in Belgium. To that end, we make use of register data on some 9,000 women aged 65–71. Data on the poverty risk of these women is linked to career and family data, spanning over 45 years. We find that pension policy can indeed account for the higher poverty risk of some groups of elderly women (e.g. divorcees) as compared to others (e.g. widows). Similarly, pension policy can, to a large extent, directly or indirectly explain how previous lifecourse events, such as marital dissolution or childbirth, affect old-age poverty risk. However, our study also reveals some unexpected findings. Most notably, pension regulations fail to account for the beneficial situation of married women. Indeed, our analyses suggest that capital (income) may prove more decisive than pension rights in explaining the low poverty risk of married women when compared to other marital groups. Drawing from our findings, we conclude with some suggestions as to where pension policy should go from here.

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Section: Poverty Among Elderly Womenmentioning

confidence: 98%

Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium: interactions between family history, work history and pension regulations

Peeters

Tavernier

2014

Ageing and Society

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“…As a result, minority ethnic groups, particularly women, are expected to disproportionately depend on means-tested benefits in later life, due to the combined effects of lower private pension coverage and the policy of shifting pension provision to the private sector. Focusing on pension protection in Canada and using data from the survey of Labour and Income Dynamics from 1994 and 2004, Marier and Skinner (2008) show that the earnings-related pension system accentuates disparities in the labour market, causing women and immigrants to have lower earnings in retirement. Elderly single women and post-1970 immigrants are more likely to rely on the means-tested component of the Canadian pension system, reflecting low public and private pension contributions as a result of interrupted career patterns in the case of women, and residency requirements attached to basic pension programmes as well as shorter careers in the case of immigrants.…”

Section: Gender Ethnicity and Pension Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of family formation on the build-up of pension rights among minority ethnic groups and native women in Belgium

2017

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Gender penalties in pension outcomes are widely acknowledged and have been documented for majority populations in various settings. A recurring finding is that the gendered impact of family formation on work–care trajectories adversely affects women's accumulation of pension rights over the lifecourse relative to men. Although maternal employment is particularly low in migrant populations, few papers have explicitly addressed pension protection of migrant women. Using longitudinal microdata from the Belgian Social Security Registers, we analyse whether entry into parenthood differentially affected the build-up of first pillar pension rights of working-age migrant women compared to natives between 1998 and 2010, further distinguishing by origin group and migrant generation. The results show that native women are most likely to build up pension rights through full-time employment both before and after parenthood. In contrast, first-generation women and women of Turkish and Moroccan origin are more likely to build up pension rights though assimilated periods or rely on derived pension rights after parenthood, even when controlling for type of pension build-up before parenthood. We conclude that policies reinforcing individualisation of pension rights based on employment or decreasing the importance of derived rights may erode pension protection of groups having limited access to the labour market, and require co-ordination with employment and family policies that support the combination of work and care responsibilities.

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“…There are some investigations into old-age pensions for immigrants in Canada's pension system. Marier and Skinner (2008) found lower pension incomes among immigrants -especially among immigrant womenwho arrived after 1970 compared with their native counterparts. This was the case for both state pensions and private pensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Immigrants in the Old‐Age Pension System: The Case of Sweden

Ekberg

Lindh

2013

International Migration

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The article investigates incomes and especially state pensions 2008 among elderly immigrants who arrived in Sweden before 1970. At age 70 and above, the level of state old-age pension for immigrant men was nearly the same and for immigrant women somewhat higher than for natives with similar characteristics. At age 65-66 the state pension was lower for immigrants than for their native counterparts. The differences in pensions for immigrants of different ages are probably due to changed rules in the Swedish state old-age pension system from 2003. The new rules have hit different age groups in different ways. The gaps are partially levelled out when other incomes are included. The extent to which levelling occurs varies greatly between different immigrant groups. For immigrants who have arrived during the last decades, the future state old-age pension outcomes are expected to be worse. POLICY IMPLICATIONS• The Swedish Pensions Agency should set up a register of pensions from abroad. This will tell us to what extent old-age pensions from the home country compensate for low old-age pensions from the Swedish system.• Better integration on the labour market is a powerful measure for reducing the risk of future low pensions among immigrants. This is a challenge for Swedish integration policy.

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The Impact of Gender and Immigration on Pension Outcomes in Canada

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium: interactions between family history, work history and pension regulations

Lifecourses, pensions and poverty among elderly women in Belgium: interactions between family history, work history and pension regulations

The effect of family formation on the build-up of pension rights among minority ethnic groups and native women in Belgium

Immigrants in the Old‐Age Pension System: The Case of Sweden

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