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________________________________________________________________The collection and analysis of 3D digital data is a rapidly growing field in archaeology, anthropology, and forensics. Even though the 3D scanning of human remains in archaeology has been conducted for over 10 years, it is still frequently considered as a new field. Despite this, the availability of 3D scanning equipment and the number of studies employing these methods are increasing rapidly, and it is arguably damaging to the validity of this field to continue to consider these methods new and therefore not subject to the same standardisations as other researches. This paper considers the current issues regarding the lack of standardisation in the methods, ethics, and ownership of 3D digital data with a focus on human remains research. The aim of this paper is to stimulate further research and discussion, allowing this field to develop, improving the quality and value of future research. ________________________________________________________________Résumé: La collecte et l'analyse des données numériques 3D constituent une méthode de plus en plus utilisée dans la recherche archéologique, anthropologique, médicolégale et médicale. Même si l'archéologie fait appel au balayage 3D des restes humains depuis plus de dix ans, on considère toujours qu'il s'agit d'un domaine relativement jeune. Entendu que la disponibilité de l'équipement de balayage 3D et que le nombre d'études où cette méthode est utilisée grandissent, considérer à tort que ce domaine est nouveau et omettre conséquemment de le soumettre aux mêmes normes réglementaires que d'autres recherches ne fait rien pour établir sa validité. Le présent article porte sur les problèmes actuels liés au manque de normalisation des méthodes, règles d'éthique et droits d'exclusivité des

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________________________________________________________________The use of 3D data in the analysis of skeletal and fossil materials has conveyed numerous advantages in many fields; however, as the availability and use of 3D scanning equipment are rapidly increasing, it is important for researchers to consider whether these methods are suitable for the proposed study. The issue of suitability has been largely overlooked in previous research; for instance, casts and reconstruction methods are frequently used to increase sample sizes, without sufficient assessment of the effect, this may have on the accuracy and reliability of results. Furthermore, the reliability of geometric morphometric methods and the implications of virtual curation have not received sufficient consideration. This paper discusses the suitability of 3D research with regard to the accuracy, reliability, and accessibility of methods and materials, as well as the effects of the current learning environment. Areas where future work will progress 3D research are proposed. ________________________________________________________________Résumé: L'utilisation de données 3D dans l'analyse de matériaux squelettiques et fossiles a fourni de nombreux avantages dans plusieurs domaines, mais comme la disponibilité et l'utilisation de l'équipement de balayage 3D connaissent une montée rapide, les chercheurs doivent se demander si ces méthodes conviennent à l'étude proposée. Le problème de la convenance a été largement ignoré dans les recherches précédentes. Pour cas, des méthodes de moulage et de reconstruction sont souvent utilisées pour augmenter la taille des échantillons sans d'abord évaluer avec précision l'effet de celles-ci sur l'exactitude et la fiabilité des résultats. Qui plus est, la fiabilité des méthodes morphométriques géométriques et les répercussions de la conservation virtuelle n'ont pas fait l'objet de suffisamment d'attention. Le présent article discute de la convenance des recherches 3D relativement à l'exactitude, la fiabilité et l'accessibilité des méthodes et matériaux, ainsi que des effets de l'environnement d'apprentissage actuel. Nous y proposons des domaines où les travaux futurs feront avancer la recherche 3D. ________________________________________________________________Resumen: El uso de datos tridimensionales en el análisis de material esqueléticos y fó siles ha proporcionado numerosas ventajas en muchos campos, sin embargo, dado que la disponibilidad y el uso de equipos de escaneo en 3D está aumentando rápidamente, es importante que los investigadores consideren si estos métodos son adecuados para el estudio propuesto. En gran parte el tema de la idoneidad ha sido pasado por alto en investigaciones previas; por ejemplo, con frecuencia se utilizan moldes y métodos de reconstrucció n para aumentar el tamañ o de las muestras, sin una evaluació n suficiente del efecto que esto puede tener en la precisió n y confiabilidad de los resultados. Además, la confiabilidad de los métodos morfométricos geométricos y las implicacio...

Recent advances in 3D technology have led to the increasing use of virtual methods of data collection in archaeology, including the use of computed tomography (CT) and portable laser scanners. One popular piece of equipment is the NextEngine Desktop 3D laser scanner (www.nextengine.com), which was released in 2006 and offers the ability to capture highly accurate 3D images of objects at a very competitive price. The release of this scanner has greatly increased accessibility to virtual surface data, for instance through the creation of virtual museums, and has enabled more researchers to conduct 3D geometric morphometric studies (GMM) of archaeological material. The developing field of geometric morphometrics permits researchers to directly quantify and statistically analyse morphological differences between groups of artifacts, allowing more objective appraisal than that afforded by traditional visual assessment.The NextEngine uses structured light scanning, which involves the projection of a pattern of laser stripes onto the desired object. A triangulation technique is used to calculate the distance of every point on the lines to the scanner, generating a 3D model. This method is faster than many others, as the four twin laser arrays allow multiple points to be scanned at once (Brown 2010).

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Closing CommentWe would like to thank the respondents to our paper for their contributions to the unfolding debate over Brexit and its relationship to archaeology and heritage. These essays reflect in diverse ways the complex intersection of the scholarly, the political and the personal that has perhaps always been with us, and increasingly commented upon, but which Brexit has brought to a moment of crisis from which we can only hope a positive outcome is still salvageable. Since writing the Changing Europe 2017), o sector (Schlanger 2017). M perhaps, the tone of de in some media outlets h further and universities i come under attack as ba erism'. Just prior to writi Conservative politician Ch MP was in the news for se about the teaching of Brex all UK universities (BBC 201 motivation behind this, the

________________________________________________________________This is the transcript of the panel discussion held at the close of the WAC 8 Digital Bioarchaeological Ethics Panel. Given the rapid pace of emerging technology that allows for the creation of digital bioarchaeological data, including representations of 3d shapes, the panel was convened to discuss common issues and dilemmas that arise from the introduction of new ways of creating, visualizing, storing, and disseminating data derived from human FORUM