The changes in concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and related compounds were examined as well as free amino acids, organic acids, betaines, glycogen and glycolytic metabolites in the Japanese baking scallop (Pecten albicans) during storage at 0° and 5°C. High amounts of free amino acids and glycine betaine were found. Adenosine monophosphate, inosine and hypoxanthine accumulated during storage, but inosine monophosphate was not detected. Hypoxanthine concentration was considered more appropriate as a freshness index than K value. Taurine, glycine and arginine were the main free amino acids and accounted for 91% of the total immediately after death. D-lactate increased, but no substantial change of L-lactate was detected during storage.

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The south-east asian genus Cryptocoryne has been shown to hybridize more frequently than expected. Data are presented on the known naturally occurring hybrids including information on their discovery, naming, and recognition as hybrids. Many artificial hybrids produced over the years indicate that there are only relatively few barriers to crossing. a heterosis effect is prevalent in many encountered Cryptocoryne hybrids. Vegetative propagation is clearly an advantage in the establishment of hybrid populations and also in detecting the hybrids, since inferior hybrids have disappeared naturally. our results on Cryptocoryne also suggest that when the south-east asian floras become as well-known as temperate ones, the number of natural hybrids will be similar to those presently known from temperate regions.

Metabolite profiles of plant organs and their in vitro cultures of Justicia gendarussa have been studied by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Qtof-MS). Samples of leaves, stems, roots, and shoot cultures showed similar patterns of metabolites, while samples of root cultures gave very different profiles. Concentrations of secondary metabolites in shoot cultures were relatively low compared to those in the leaves and roots of the plants. The results suggested that secondary metabolites in J. gendarussa were biosynthetized in the leaves, then transported to the roots.

Zhe postmortem changes of octopine (Oct), strombine (Sm), tauropine (Tm), alanopine (Aln), related amino acids andphosphoarginine (PA) in the edible adductor muscles of Chlamys nobilis, Pecten albicans and Patinopecten yessoensis during storage at 0 and 5C were examined. For this purpose, new alternative HPLC methods for the analysis of octopine and acidic opines were developed. Among opines, Oct was the major postmortem glycolytic end product of all three scallops, followed by Stn, T m and Aln, respectively. The accumulation of Oct during storage at 0 and 5C was similar. On the contrary, almost twice as much Stn accumulated when stored at 5C compared to OC. Trn and Aln increased to a lesser extent. Arginine and PA decreased, while glycine, taurine and alanine increased during storage.

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Thirty-five metabolites of Justicia gendarussa (JG) leaves and its preparations were identified using LC-HR-MS/MS. Although alkaloids were detected in the leaves they were not identified in JG preparations using Smart Formula 3D software. This showed that an acidified extraction process used at the first stage of the purification procedure is able to remove the toxic alkaloids from the crude drug. The LC-MS/MS analyses showed that the main components of JG preparations were fatty acids and apigenin glycosides; it seemed that the fatty acids can be used for enhancing the dissolution of the polar glycosides. T-test calculation using Profile Analysis software showed that the acidified crude drugs, extract, granules of JG, and gendarussa capsules showed very similar LC-MS/MS profiles, which means that the biochemical components of JG are relatively stable during processing. Due to the lack of quality markers for these JG preparations, the application of metabolite profiling is recommended as the QC tool for commercial production by the pharmaceutical industry.

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