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Nine minerals (calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn)) have been estimated in milk of three different species namely, cow (Sahiwal and Tharparkar), buffalo (Murrah) and goat (Alpine x Beetle) of India. Among the species studied, buffalo milk had the highest Ca, P and Mg contents. Na content was found lowest in buffalo milk and K was found significantly higher in goat milk. K was the major mineral in cow and goat milk while Ca was major mineral in buffalo milk. Mineral distribution data indicated that colloidal minerals were highest in buffalo milk followed by goat and cow milk. Ca to P ratio was found maximum in buffalo milk (1.74) and was almost similar in milk (1.45-1.49) of other species studied. Our study indicated that 500 g of milk can meet more than 60% recommended daily allowances of Ca and P as recommended by Institute of Medicine,

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Milk and milk products are a significant part of healthy diet. However, contamination of milk can be dangerous and detrimental for the health of consumers. The safety of milk and milk products decreases with increasing concentration of toxic compounds and environmental pollutants. The study was aimed to investigate the contents of some heavy metals in 30 samples of commercially available milk and milk products (dahi, cheese, paneer, khoa and milk powder) collected from five different vendors, from Karnal district of Haryana (India) to know whether the intakes comply with the permissible levels for toxic elements. Mean concentration of all the heavy metals analyzed showed a range of 3. 38-26.4, 3.16-13.89, 3.77-21.04 and 3.34-10.68 ppb for cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury, respectively. Results indicated that the content of cadmium was maximum in all the samples except for paneer, where mercury concentration was maximum.

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This research communication describes enzymatic and physico-chemical changes during storage of UHT milk. The UHT milk sample was stored at 5 and 30°C for 4 months and analyzed regularly at intervals of one month. During storage of UHT milk, there was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in non-protein nitrogen, non-casein nitrogen, soluble calcium, soluble magnesium and proteolysis, while a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in pH was observed. There was a slight change in the particle size and zeta potential of casein micelles. Changes were more pronounced in milk samples stored at 30°C than in those stored at 5°C. During storage, there occurred changes in pH, viscosity, salt balance and nitrogenous components which adversely affected quality. It was concluded that the proteolysis led to the acidification which had a destabilizing effect on the milk.

Currently in India milk processing is more than 30 % of the total milk production. Since long the Indian dairy industries relies on the non-renewable sources of energy, which not only getting more and more expensive but also are responsible to serious health concerns and environmental problems such as global warming. Therefore, adoption of green energies has been promoted by research communities, social and environmental groups and government. Considering the geological location of India, solar energy has been proven most promising among the available green and renewable energies. The requirement of energy intensity and temperature range in milk processing operations are amenable for adoption of solar energy.