No abstract

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

This paper suggests a reinterpretation of global growth-encompassing notions of unconditional convergence and the middle income trap-in the past 50 years through the lens of growth theory. We innovate by studying two modes of convergence: a classic "Solow" model where poorer countries catch up by growing faster on average; and a new "Wilde" model where catch-up growth is interpreted as growing faster than the frontier country, the United States. We apply these modes to both countries and people as units of analysis. We find that convergence has occurred faster and began earlier than widely believed. This is the case in particular after 2000, and when weighted by population We also find no evidence of a middle income trap which we defined in two ways: whether it is easier to grow and converge at lower rather than middle levels of income. The second notion is whether having reached middle income status, middle income countries find it more difficult to converge normally and become advanced countries. The last 20-30 years have thus been a golden era of convergence, challenging the new conventional wisdom of secular stagnation.

Penoscrotal transposition, where malposition of penis occur in relation to scrotum. It is frequently associated with malformation of genitourinary, cardiovascular or skeletal system. As it is extremely rare no standard treatment protocol exist. We here represent a newborn baby with complete penoscrotal transposition, died 5 hours after birth due to complication of perinatal asphyxia.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.