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Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are being used increasingly in biomedical and industrial fields; however, their adverse effects on human health have not been fully investigated. In this study, we focused on some of the toxicological aspects of SiNPs by studying oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses in the frontal cortex, corpus striatum and hippocampus regions of rat brain. Wistar rats were exposed to SiNPs of size 80 nm and 10 nm at a dose of 150 µg/50 µL phosphate-buffered saline/rat for 30 days. The results indicated a significant increase of lipid peroxide levels and hydrogen peroxide content in various regions of the treated rat brain. Moreover, these changes were accompanied with a significant decrease in the activities of manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase and reduced glutathione in different brain regions, suggesting impaired antioxidant defence system. Furthermore, SiNPs exposure not only increased messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) but also significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in different regions of rat brain. Cumulatively, these data suggest that SiNPs induced the activation of NF-κB and increased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and MCP-1 in rat brain, possibly via redox-sensitive cellular signalling pathways.

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Designing of chemo-sensors is a new scope of intrigue among researchers. After inspecting the beneficial and harmful effects of Sn(II) metal ions in living species, 1,2,3-Triazole based chemo-sensor 4 a have been synthesized via click route. In the current article, literarily new 1,2,3-Triazoles (4 a-4 d) have been synthesized and identified via various spectroscopic means such as NMR( 1 H & 13 C), IR and mass spectrometry. Triazole 4 a was explored for recognition properties via absorption and emission spectroscopy and found specific and selective for Sn(II) metal ions. The recognition of Sn 2 + metal ions by probe 4a was not interfered because of other tested metal cations. The probe has very low detection limit of 0.47 × 10 À 7 M and 3.8 × 10 À 9 M via ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy respectively which is lower than many previously reported sensors. The BÀ H plot and stern volmer's plot confirmed a high binding affinity between probe 4a and tin (II) metal ion. The association constant (K a ) and stern volmer constant (K sv ) were calculated as 13.36 × 10 5 M À 1 and 12.6 × 10 6 M À 1 from BÀ H plot and stern volmer's plot respectively. The Stoichiometric ratio between chemo-sensor 4 a and Sn 2 + metal ions was confirmed as 1 : 1 by the job's plot. Moreover, in this study, the synthesized compounds 4(a-d) were examined for their antioxidant properties. The total antioxidant activity (TAA) results indicate that the synthesized triazoles 4(a-d) found to be excellent postulant for radical scavenging. TAA values for 4 a, 4 b, 4 c and 4 d are found to be 4.65 � 0.2, 6.79 � 0.3, 6.29 � 0.2, 5.06 � 0.1 (mM)(eq. ascorbic acid) per 100 mM of particle respectively.