The antioxidant potential of three commonly used edible fruits and vegetables Emblica officinalis (Amla), Citrus limon (lemon) and Cucumis sativus (cucumber) available in local market of Jaipur (India), was estimated. The parts of food material taken for this study is edible part of Emblica officinalis, peel of Citrus limon and Cucumis sativus. The total phenolic content, antoxidant activity and flavonoid content was estimated by folin-ciocalteau method, phosphomolybdenum assay and aluminium chloride colorimetric technique. All the three activities determined were found maximum in Emblica officinalis, but Citrus limon and Cucumis sativus also show good amount of these activities. Thus the study revealed that the peel of Citrus limon and Cucumis sativus (otherwise waste) can also be used as a good source of antioxidant activity.
AbstractIn recent years, membrane distillation (MD) has evidently emerged as one of the promising separation processes, with increasing areas of application including but not limited to desalination, pharmaceutical and textile wastewater purification, food processing, concentration of aqueous solution, breaking azeotropic mixtures, and extraction of volatile organic compounds. Primarily, MD has been categorized on the basis of vapor collection and condensation arrangement methods. Among the various categories, air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), in which an air gap is maintained across the membrane and the cooling plate, turns out to be an important and efficient process. Lately, AGMD has received significant attention of researchers around the world which motivates the present work. This paper aims to review the work done so far concerning the AGMD in order to provide a holistic view that covers the principles and applications of AGMD, effect of process parameters, membrane parameters, mathematical modeling, fouling, temperature and concentration polarization, types of membrane module, energy consumption, recent developments in AGMD process, cost estimation, and heat integration with AGMD. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first attempt to exhaustively review the AGMD process.
The use of fly ash in concrete has received significant attention during recent years, owing to environmental concerns regarding its disposal and to its potential use as a supplementary cementitious material owing to its ability to improve concrete performance. Although a fly ash content of less than 25% of the total cementitious content is routinely used in concrete, high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete is not commonly used because of perceived lower early age strengths. The objective of this research was to use maturity based modeling to demonstrate that the beneficial effects of high temperatures observed in structural elements such as slabs and concrete beams during the hydration process associated with the mass features of such elements may compensate for the slower rate of strength gain of fly ash concrete that is typically observed in standard laboratory cured cylinders. Match cured cylinders were used during this process to estimate the early age in-place strength of HVFA concrete and to confirm the predicted mature strengths. The results have shown that standard and field cured cylinder strengths underestimate the in-place concrete strength. High in-place temperatures owing to the mass characteristics of structural elements result in increased and satisfactory in-place early age strengths for construction, measured by match cured cylinders and pullout testing, and predicted by maturity modeling.
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