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Abstract In recent years, membrane distillation (MD) has evidently emerged as one of the promising separation processes, with increasing areas of application including but not limited to desalination, pharmaceutical and textile wastewater purification, food processing, concentration of aqueous solution, breaking azeotropic mixtures, and extraction of volatile organic compounds. Primarily, MD has been categorized on the basis of vapor collection and condensation arrangement methods. Among the various categories, air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), in which an air gap is maintained across the membrane and the cooling plate, turns out to be an important and efficient process. Lately, AGMD has received significant attention of researchers around the world which motivates the present work. This paper aims to review the work done so far concerning the AGMD in order to provide a holistic view that covers the principles and applications of AGMD, effect of process parameters, membrane parameters, mathematical modeling, fouling, temperature and concentration polarization, types of membrane module, energy consumption, recent developments in AGMD process, cost estimation, and heat integration with AGMD. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first attempt to exhaustively review the AGMD process.

Insertion of molecular metal oxides, i.e. polyoxometalates (POMs), into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), opens up new research opportunities in various fields, particularly in catalysis. POM/MOF composites have strong acidity, oxygen-rich surface,...

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The high tendency of water to get polluted is due to the extensive usability among all the resources. Amongst all the anthropogenic pollutants, a variety of synthetic non-biodegradable dyestuff are...

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