Each of the macronutrients, carbohydrate, protein and fat, has a unique set of properties that influence health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, there has been a progression of thinking regarding the mechanisms by which each may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this time period, the emphasis was on metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency). This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (i.e., contribute to disordered eating). At this point the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.

These findings support the claim that co-consuming cooked whole eggs is an effective way to enhance carotenoid absorption from other carotenoid-rich foods such as a raw mixed-vegetable salad. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01951313.

In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409.

While problem gambling and mental illnesses are highly comorbid, there are few examples of integrated problem gambling and mental illness services. This has meant that it is unclear whether such services are needed, why they may be utilised, and how they operate to support clients impacted by the comorbidity and clinicians providing them care. This study reported on data collected via telephone questionnaire-assisted interviews of 20 clients and 19 referrers who had accessed one such Australian integrated problem gambling and mental illness program between July 2014 and June 2016. Data revealed that clients often were referred in the context of psychiatric or psychosocial crisis, or when clinicians encountered clients who were not making progress and wanted a second opinion about diagnosis and treatment. Improved management of illness symptoms or gambling behaviour were commonly reported benefits and a number of clients reported gaining a feeling of reassurance and hope following assessment due to gaining a deeper understanding of their issues and available treatment options. Access to dual specialist problem gambling and mental illness expertise may therefore enhance treatment planning, management during crises and cross-sector collaboration to enhance access to and the impact of care for people experiencing comorbidity.ResumeBien que le jeu problématique et les maladies mentales aient un taux élevé de comorbidité, il existe peu d’exemples de services intégrés pour le jeu et la maladie mentale. En d’autres termes, il n’est pas clair si de tels services sont nécessaires, à quelles fins ils peuvent être utilisés et la manière dont ils fonctionnent pour aider les clients touchés par cette comorbidité et les cliniciens qui leur fournissent des soins. La présente étude a rendu compte des données recueillies lors d’entretiens assistés par un questionnaire téléphonique menés auprès de 20 clients et de 19 répondants qui avaient eu accès à l’un des programmes australiens intégrés de lutte contre le jeu problématique et la maladie mentale entre juillet 2014 et juin 2016. Les données révèlent que les clients étaient souvent recommandés à d’autres services dans le contexte d’une crise psychiatrique ou psychosociale ou lorsque les cliniciens rencontraient des clients qui n’avaient pas fait de progrès et qui souhaitaient obtenir un deuxième avis sur le diagnostic et le traitement. Une gestion améliorée des symptômes de la maladie ou du comportement de jeu constituait des avantages souvent rapportés, et un certain nombre de clients ont déclaré avoir ressenti du réconfort et de l’espoir après une évaluation, en raison d’une meilleure compréhension de leurs problèmes et des options de traitement disponibles. L’accès à une double expertise en matière de jeu problématique et de maladie mentale peut donc améliorer la planification du traitement, la gestion de crise et la collaboration intersectorielle afin d’améliorer l’accès aux soins et l’incidence des soins pour les personnes souffrant de cette comorbidité.

Dietary lipid is one of the most effective stimulators of carotenoids (CAT) absorption, but very limited data exist on the impact of endogenous food sources of lipid to enhance CAT absorption. Co‐consuming whole egg which contains lutein (LUT) and zeaxanthin (ZEA), with CAT‐rich foods may increase overall CAT absorption via lipid rich egg yolk. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of egg consumption on CAT absorption from a CAT‐rich, raw mixed‐vegetable salad. Healthy young males (n=16) consumed the same salad (all served with 3g canola oil) with no egg (control, C); with 75g (1½ eggs) of scrambled whole egg (low egg, LE); and with 150g (3 eggs) of scrambled whole egg (high egg, HE) (randomized, crossover design). C, LE, and HE trials included 3g, 10.5g (7.5g from eggs), and 18g (15g from eggs) of total lipid, respectively. Blood was collected hourly for 10h and triacylglycerol rich lipoprotein fractions (TRL) were isolated. Total and individual CAT contents, including LUT, ZEA, α‐carotene (α‐C), β‐carotene (β‐C), and lycopene (LYC) in TRL were analyzed and composite areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Total CAT AUC0‐10h in TRL was higher for HE vs. LE and C (125.9±14.1a vs. 46.0±14.1b vs. 15.6±13.6b nmol•L−1•h, p<0.0001). 2 and 5‐fold increases (p<0.001) in TRL AUC0‐10h of LUT and ZEA and 2 to 4 and 4 to 9‐fold increases (p<0.01) in TRL AUC0‐10h of CAT beyond those found in egg such as α‐C, β‐C, and LYC were observed for HE compared to LE and C. These findings support that co‐consuming whole eggs is an effective way to increase both CAT content and absorption of CAT from raw vegetables.Support: American Egg Board; NIH UL1TR001108; Purdue Ingest Behav Res Ctr

Middle‐aged overweight/obese adults are faced with an environment of food abundance. This food excess challenges their ability to adjust eating behaviors and maintain body weight. We conducted a 36‐week diet supplementation and exercise training study where 35‐65 year‐old overweight and obese adults were exposed to a “controlled source” of potentially excess energy via 200 kcal supplements with varying amounts of maltodextrin and whey protein. The supplements were consumed 2x daily with breakfast and lunch along with their otherwise unrestricted, self‐chosen diets. Training included resistance (2 d/wk) and aerobic (1 d/wk) exercises. This retrospective data analysis assessed the effect of total protein intake (TPro) on changes in body weight and composition. 85 subjects were classified into 3 groups based on TPro: < 1.0 (low TPro, LP, n=29), 蠄 1.0 to < 1.2 (medium TPro, MP, n=24), and 蠅 1.2g•kg‐1•d‐1 (high TPro, HP, n=32). Weight was measured bi‐weekly and body composition (plethysmography) every 9 weeks. Over time, LP progressively gained weight and fat mass, while MP and HP maintained weight and lost fat mass. All three groups gained lean body mass (mainly during the first 9 weeks). These findings support that moderately high protein intake improves weight control and adiposity, but does not augment lean mass accretion among exercising overweight/obese adults who are challenged by potential excess energy intake. High protein intakes do not enhance these responses.Support: US Whey Protein Res Consort; NIH T32AG025671; NIH UL1TR001108; Purdue Ingest Behav Res Ctr