Several kinds of sensory organs (SOs) appear in stereotyped positions on the adult Drosophila cuticle. The generation of these SOs requires the activity of the achaete (ac) and scute (sc) genes. To investigate whether ac and sc also provide spatial information for the positioning of SOs, we have analyzed the patterns of expression of these genes in the wing imaginal disc around the time that SO precursors are being specified. We find that expression coincides with and is restricted to areas of the disc where these precursors are known to be located. In the loss-of-function sc 6 mutant, sc RNA is depleted in a single area located in the region where the precursor for the supressed macrochaeta should be found. Moreover, some, and probably all, SOs require expression of these genes to reach the earliest detectable differentiated state. These and other results presented here, together with the finding that expansion of the areas of ac and/or sc expression causes the development of ectopic SOs, indicate that ac and sc promote the determination of SO precursors and delimit the regions of the imaginal discs where they can develop.

The achaete‐scute complex (AS‐C) comprises five genetic regions: achaete, scute (sc) alpha, lethal of sc, sc beta and sc gamma. Each region promotes the determination and positional specification of different, but partially overlapping, subsets of neural elements of Drosophila. In this work, we report a molecular characterization of the sc gamma region. It comprises 22 kb of DNA and contains two transcription units, only one of which, named asense (ase), seems involved in neurogenesis. ase encodes a protein that shares with other three AS‐C proteins a domain containing a helix‐‐loop‐‐helix motif characteristic of a group of DNA‐binding proteins. In the embryo, ase is expressed in neural precursor cells, a pattern consistent with the known requirement of sc gamma for the development of the larval nervous system. In late third‐instar larvae, the gene is expressed in developing structures of the central nervous system (CNS), namely the anlagen of the optic lobes and in many cells, including neuroblasts, of the central brain and ventral ganglia. Its removal leads to anatomical defects in the adult optic lobes. This is the first demonstration of a role for the AS‐C in the development of the adult CNS.

Neural cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important players during neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth as well as axonal fasciculation and pathfinding. Some of these developmental processes entail the activation of cellular signaling cascades. Pharmacological and genetic evidence indicates that the neurite outgrowth-promoting activity of L1-type CAMs is at least in part mediated by the stimulation of neuronal receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), especially FGF and EGF receptors. It has long been suspected that neural CAMs might physically interact with RTKs, but their activation by specific cell adhesion events has not been directly demonstrated. Here we report that gain-of-function conditions of the Drosophila L1-type CAM Neuroglian result in profound sensory axon pathfinding defects in the developing Drosophila wing. This phenotype can be suppressed by decreasing the normal gene dosage of the Drosophila EGF receptor gene. Furthermore, in Drosophila S2 cells, cell adhesion mediated by human L1-CAM results in the specific activation of human EGF tyrosine kinase at cell contact sites and EGF receptors engage in a physical interaction with L1-CAM molecules. Thus L1-type CAMs are able to promote the adhesion-dependent activation of EGF receptor signaling in vitro and in vivo.

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) implement the process of axon guidance by promoting specific selection and attachment to substrates. We show that, in Drosophila, loss-of-function conditions of either the Neuroglian CAM, the FGF receptor coded by the gene heartless, or the EGF receptor coded by DER display a similar phenotype of abnormal substrate selection and axon guidance by peripheral sensory neurons. Moreover, neuroglian loss-of-function phenotype can be suppressed by the expression of gain-of-function conditions of heartless or DER. The results are consistent with a scenario where the activity of these receptor tyrosine kinases is controlled by Neuroglian at choice points where sensory axons select between alternative substrates for extension.

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The achaete‐scute gene complex (AS‐C) of Drosophila melanogaster is involved in the development of the embryonic central nervous system and the cuticular sensory organs of both larva and adult. We have determined the embryonic spatial distributions of three transcripts encoded in the achaete, scute α and lethal of scute regions of the complex. The RNAs are present mainly between the blastoderm/early gastrula and the stage of germ band shortening. The patterns of expression are complex and evolve rapidly, affecting most or all of the known neurogenic regions. Gene expression precedes and is concomitant with the histological appearance of precursors of neural cells. These results support a role for the AS‐C in determination and early differentiation of embryonic neural cells.

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We report that the Drosophila segmentation gene Krüppel (Kr) is expressed in neural precursor cells, neurons and glial cells at different stages of neurogenesis and that Kr mutants develop aberrant peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous systems. Expression derived from a Kr minigene rescues the segmentation defects but these embryos continue to lack most of the neural Kr activity. Phenotypic analysis of the rescued embryos indicates that, in addition to overall effects on the PNS and CNS structure via its segmentation role, Kr expression in the nervous system is functionally required for establishing particular neural and glial fates.