In the Olympica, the lost manuscript wherein Descartes described his famous three dreams, he wrote that on the night of Saint Martin in 1619 he felt asleep in a state of enthusiasm. He interpreted the dreams that ensued as the divine revelation of the principles of a new and admirable science. I here propose that the Olympica were a literary fiction devised by Descartes to legitimize his arrival on the philosophical scene by proposing the principles of a new science. The function of dreams as the best way to reach true wisdom is in line with a long philosophical tradition. This paper offers an attempt to understand the Cartesian enthusiasm in its context, that is, before the criticism of enthusiasm as something incompatible with reason became widespread and when it was still linked to the Platonic theory of furor – poetic and divine – the state that allows the subject access to the truth.
When the Royal Society was established in London in 1660, one of the objectives of its founders was to set up a scientific communications network. During its first years of existence the Society tried to initiate a complex system of diffusion of information and ideas. Oldenburg's prolific international correspondence, the publication of Philosophical Transactions and repeated petitions for scientific correspondence from all over Europe are just a few examples of the latitudinarian spirit of the Royal Society's founders. However, this attempt to open intellectual frontiers was destined to be continuously hampered by the various political, religious and cultural situations that characterized European history at the time.
ResumenEl presente artículo forma parte de un intento de comprensión de los orígenes de la ciencia moderna a la luz de las transformaciones que se produjeron en el concepto de representación entre los siglos XVI y XVII. Mi objetivo aquí es mostrar cómo Francis Bacon tuvo que revisar las concepciones naturalistas y miméticas del lenguaje para poder formular su particular empirismo metódico. O en otras palabras, no era posible dar forma al empirismo científico moderno sin antes realizar una crítica de aquellas filosofías naturalistas del lenguaje que tanto éxito habían tenido en el siglo XVI. Llegar a esta conclusión pasa por observar cómo los resultados a que llegaron quienes unieron su estudio empírico de la naturaleza con las concepciones miméticas y naturalistas del lenguaje estuvieron irremediablemente muy alejados del modelo de conocimiento científico abierto y progresivo que será parte esencial de la propuesta empirista baconiana.Palabras clave: Lenguaje, ciencia, representación, empirismo, Bacon, Revolución científica. AbstractI study here the transformations of the concept of representation throughouth the 16th and 17th centuries, discussing in what sense it may help us to understand the origins of modern science. I focus on how Francis Bacon had to revise the naturalistic and mimetic conceptions of language in order to build his own methodological empiricism. In other words, modern scientific empiricism would not have been possible without such a revision of those naturalistic views of language which had so great success in the XVth century.Those who adopted these latter in their empirical study of nature, I will show, diverged from the open and progressive model of scientific knowledge that Bacon defended and came to prevail in the following centuries.Keywords: Language, science, representation, empiricism, Bacon, Scientific Revolution. Ideal mimético del lenguaje y perfeccionamiento del saber en el siglo XVIEl optimismo y la fe en el poder de las imágenes para imitar a la realidad y casi sustituir al mundo -como sucedía en los teatros visuales de la naturaleza, donde tanto valía un espécimen disecado como una pintura del natural-coincidieron en el tiempo con el optimismo y la fe en el valor de las palabras como espejos de la realidad, e incluso con la confianza en la identidad entre la palabra y la cosa nombrada. El siglo XVI fue protagonista de la idea de una identidad esencial, natural, entre palabras y cosas, lenguaje y naturaleza, de la existencia de una lengua perfecta aunque cubierta por la corrupción de los siglos. El siglo XVII se inauguró, en cambio, con la crisis del valor y utilidad de las imágenes miméticas, pero también con la crisis de la esperanza de encontrar en las palabras la naturaleza misma de las cosas. El espejo se había quebrado. El de las palabras y el de las imágenes.Ha transcurrido casi medio siglo desde que Foucault publicase sus brillantes páginas caracterizando el nacimiento de la modernidad como el tránsito de una era dominada por la mímesis a una nueva época guiada por la...
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