The purpose of this study was to provide initial results on the development and validation of the Career Futures Inventory (CFI), a new 25-item measure of positive career planning attitudes. Items were originated using the rational method. Results from an item analysis of scale homogeneity and exploratory factor analysis in a sample of 690 undergraduates from a large midwestern university revealed three subscales: Career Adaptability, Career Optimism, and Perceived Knowledge. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the three-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data. Additional analyses established high internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity through examination of correlates with dispositional optimism, Big Five personality characteristics, generalized problem solving, vocationally relevant self-efficacy, interests, and numerous career-relevant attitudes and outcomes. Implications for future research and counseling practice are discussed.

This study compared selected process and outcome variables across 3 modes of psychotherapy: faceto-face, real-time video conference, and 2-way audio (analogous to telephone). Results from 80 randomly assigned clients suggested that differences in process and outcome among the 3 treatments were small and clinically promising in comparison with the untreated control group.

Estimating total present value of benefit realized by prevention of an alcohol disorder The following provides a detailed description of the analytic procedure used to estimate the total present value of the benefit realized by prevention of a single alcohol disorder in adolescence. Statement of General Rationale and Assumptions. Though the cost to intervene requires an investment of monies in the present, the prevention of a case of alcohol-use disorder produces only future benefits by avoiding the costs that would have been incurred had the disorder not been prevented. Because a given amount of money in hand is valued more highly than the same amount to be received in the future, the benefits must be discounted according to when in the future they are expected to be realized. Thus, it is necessary to estimate for each year of age the average benefit (i.e., avoided costs) to be realized by the prevention of a case of alcohol-use disorder by means of an intervention delivered in adolescence. The analytic procedure required several assumptions. First, it was necessary to choose the number of years across which the average alcohol disordered adult would be expected to produce costs. We assumed that adult alcohol-use disorders could commence as early as age 18, but could extend no longer than age 74.7, the latter number reflecting the decreased life expectancy of alcohol disordered adults (Makela, 1998), which is reduced from the population average of 76.7 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Second, for any particular year of age, an adult was considered to be either disordered or not during that entire year of age. Though this assumption was not absolutely necessary it was useful because it substantially reduced the

Using data from published sources, the authors investigated J. L. Holland's (1959Holland's ( , 1997 theory of interest types as an integrative framework for organizing individual differences variables that are used in counseling psychology. Holland's interest types were used to specify 2-and 3-dimensional interest structures. In Study 1, measures of individual characteristics and, in Study 2, measures of environmental demands were successfully integrated into a 2-dimensional circumplex interest structure using the technique of property vector fitting. In Study 3, cognitive abilities were successfully integrated into a 3-dimensional interest structure. Obtained results illustrate the potential utility of interest-based structures for integrating a wide range of information. This represents a 1st step toward the development of an Atlas of Individual Differences, mapping the interrelations among individual-differences measures to facilitate their integrative use in career counseling and other applied settings.

Laboratory studies have demonstrated that cigarette smokers react with significant subjective and autonomic responses (e.g., increased craving and increased heart rate) in the presence of stimuli associated with smoking. Although cue reactivity effects are typically robust, a number of methodological considerations make interpretation and design of cue reactivity studies problematic. Previous research has paid scant attention to the psychometric properties of the cigarette cues presented, and standard cues would enhance comparison and synthesis of studies. In the present study, we evaluated 12 cigarette photos (compared with positive, negative, and neutral photos), used in a separate study, for their ability to evoke self-report of craving in both nicotine-deprived and nondeprived smokers. These photos performed as expected, with cigarette pictures evoking significantly higher craving than neutral pictures and deprived smokers showing a trend toward higher craving than nondeprived smokers. The cigarette picture set was evaluated for internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .97) as a 12-item scale and further reduced to multiple 2-item scales with reliability estimates ranging from .70 to .93. A cluster analysis of all pictures showed that, when rated for craving, cigarette pictures clustered together, indicating they had distinct properties compared with positive, negative, and neutral pictures. Effect sizes were calculated for each cigarette picture in both deprived and nondeprived smokers. The craving effect sizes ranged from .57 to .98 for nondeprived smokers, and from .61 to .99 for deprived smokers. The analyses suggest these cigarette pictures have excellent psychometric properties for use in future cue reactivity studies.

Editor's note. Melissa G. Warren served as action editor for this article.

We investigated differences in the circular structure of Holland's interest types across racial-ethnic groups (African Americans, Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Caucasians; N = 11,610). The samples consisted of college-bound persons who completed the revised Unisex Edition of the ACT Interest Inventory (UNIACT;Swaney, 1995), as well as a comparison group of 10th graders ( N = 4,133) in the 1992 UNIACT norms sample. Analyses using a randomization test of hypothesized order, targeted principal components, and three-way multidimensional scaling suggest that Holland's model adequately represents the interest structures of both sexes in all the diverse samples. 0

Sixty-four undergraduate students who did not previously know each other were placed in 32 pairs and randomly assigned to a conversation with a partner in either a face-to-face setting or an Internet chat program. Emotional understanding, self-disclosure, closeness, and depth of processing were measured. The findings indicate that the face-to-face group felt more satisfied with the experience and experienced a higher degree of closeness and self-disclosure with their partner. There were no significant differences between groups in regard to the level of emotional understanding of their partner, although the face-to-face group reported higher levels of positive and negative affect. No significant differences were found in depth of processing during the follow-up phone call. The implications for online counseling are discussed.Online counseling over the Internet as a viable means of therapy is beginning to be acknowledged by psychological organizations and professional therapists. A recent panel of 67 psychotherapy experts predicted that Internet therapy services would be the second fastest increasing service area in the next 10 years (Norcross, Hedges, & Prochaska, 2002). Researchers can no longer discuss online counseling as an intervention method that will take shape in the future-the future is now.The time has come for research to be compiled on the new phenomena of Internet counseling, and numerous calls for research have been made regarding the practice of Internet-based counseling methods (