This study examined the relationship of cardiovascular reactivity to both interpersonal mistreatment and discrimination in a community-based sample of African American and European American women (N=363) in midlife. Subtle mistreatment related positively to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity for African American participants but not their European American counterparts. Moreover, among the African American participants, those who attributed mistreatment to racial discrimination exhibited greater average DBP reactivity. In particular, these women demonstrated greater DBP reactivity to the speech task, which bore similarities to an encounter with racial prejudice but not to a nonsocial mirror tracing task. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that racial discrimination is a chronic stressor that can negatively impact the cardiovascular health of African Americans through pathogenic processes associated with physiologic reactivity.

Three studies assessed changes in the content, consensus, and favorableness of 10 ethnic and national stereotypes by replicating and extending the Princeton trilogy. Results indicated that throughout the past 60 years, almost all of the ethnic and national stereotypes that were examined had changed in content, and more than half had changed in consensus. Most changes in consensus reflected increases rather than decreases, suggesting that modern members of stereotyped groups may confront stereotypes more frequently than did previous members of stereotyped groups. However, the damaging effects that consensual stereotypes can have on members of these groups may be tempered by the finding that most of the stereotypes became more favorable. These results are discussed in terms of changing social roles, intergroup contact, and stereotype accuracy.

Estimating total present value of benefit realized by prevention of an alcohol disorder The following provides a detailed description of the analytic procedure used to estimate the total present value of the benefit realized by prevention of a single alcohol disorder in adolescence. Statement of General Rationale and Assumptions. Though the cost to intervene requires an investment of monies in the present, the prevention of a case of alcohol-use disorder produces only future benefits by avoiding the costs that would have been incurred had the disorder not been prevented. Because a given amount of money in hand is valued more highly than the same amount to be received in the future, the benefits must be discounted according to when in the future they are expected to be realized. Thus, it is necessary to estimate for each year of age the average benefit (i.e., avoided costs) to be realized by the prevention of a case of alcohol-use disorder by means of an intervention delivered in adolescence. The analytic procedure required several assumptions. First, it was necessary to choose the number of years across which the average alcohol disordered adult would be expected to produce costs. We assumed that adult alcohol-use disorders could commence as early as age 18, but could extend no longer than age 74.7, the latter number reflecting the decreased life expectancy of alcohol disordered adults (Makela, 1998), which is reduced from the population average of 76.7 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Second, for any particular year of age, an adult was considered to be either disordered or not during that entire year of age. Though this assumption was not absolutely necessary it was useful because it substantially reduced the

This study examined a community-university partnership model for sustained, high-quality implementation of evidence-based interventions. In the context of a randomized study, it assessed whether implementation quality for both family-focused and school-based universal interventions could be achieved and maintained through community-university partnerships. It also conducted exploratory analyses of factors influencing implementation quality. Results revealed uniformly high rates of both implementation adherence-averaging over 90%-and of other indicators of implementation quality for both family-focused and school-based interventions. Moreover, implementation quality was sustained across two cohorts. Exploratory analyses failed to reveal any significant correlates for family-intervention implementation quality, but did show that some team and instructor characteristics were associated with school-based implementation quality.The extant literature clearly indicates the need to evaluate the quality of implementation of preventive interventions, particularly those that are evidence-based (Durlak, 1998;Goggin, Bowman, Lester, & O'Toole, 1990;Greenberg, Domitrovich, Graczyk, & Zins, 2001;Mihalic & Irwin, 2003). Although there is an expanding set of evidence-based interventions (hereafter EBIs) shown to be efficacious in reducing youth problem behaviors and promoting positive youth development, low-quality intervention implementation frequently diminishes positive outcomes (Backer, 2003;Domitrovich & Greenberg, 2000; Fixsen, Naoom, Blasé, Friedman, & Wallace, 2005). Quality monitoring is especially important when implementation occurs under real-world conditions, guided by community-based organizations or partnerships . Sustained, high quality implementation by communities is essential to the achievement of greater public health impact of EBIs Lamb, Greenlick, & McCarty, 1998;.Because of the importance of sustained, quality implementation of EBIs by communitybased partnerships, there is a need to systematically evaluate partnership models guiding such implementation . In addition, there is a need to study factors potentially influencing sustained, quality, community-based implementation of EBIs to better understand how to improve implementation systems (Fixsen et al., 2005;Greenberg et al., 2001). These research needs are addressed by the three objectives of the present study. The first objective is to examine adherence rates and other implementation quality ratings NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript achieved through a community-based model for EBI implementation. To study the sustainability of the partnership model, the second objective is to determine how well implementation quality was maintained over time. The third and final objective was to explore whether community team and intervention instructor factors were correlated with implementation quality for family-focused and school-based EBIs. Spoth, Guyll, Trudeau, and Goldberg-Lillehoj (2002) examined the implementat...