These findings suggest that although stress is a major concern for caregivers, enrichment and growth may also occur in varying degrees.

No abstract

The prevalence of anti-gay violence is a widespread problem calling for thorough study and effective solutions. Hudson and Ricketts (1980) viewed homonegativity as composed of cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects. Patel (1989) developed the Self Report of Behavior Scale (SBS) to measure respondents' previous negative behaviors toward gay individuals. Other research using this scale has yielded useful information, and further study is needed to refine the now-evolved scale (SBS-R). Participants in the present study were 264 college students who completed the SBS-R, the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale (CMSDS) and Hudson and Ricketts' Index of Attitudes Toward Homosexuals (IAH). A factor analysis of the SBS-R yielded two factors: "avoidance behaviors" and "aggressive behaviors" toward gays. High internal consistency as well as construct validity for the SBS-R were found. This reliable and valid measure of self-reported anti-gay behaviors should help advance our understanding of the relationships among the affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of homonegativity.

This study examined the relationship between the emotional response of homophobia and selected personality and self-report behavioral variables. Scales 4, 5, and 9 of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were related to the affective components of homophobia as measured by the Index of Attitudes Towards Homosexuals (IAH; formerly Index of Homophobia-Modified) and self-report of past aggressive behavior toward homosexuals as measured by a Self-Report of Behavior Scale (SBS), specifically developed for this study. Data from 80 male subjects were subjected to a canonical correlation analysis. The first cannonical correlation showed that high SBS and high IAH are correlated with adherence to traditional masculine values, not faking good, impulsivity, and social maladjustment. The second canonical correlation indicates that a combination of high scores on Scales 9 and 5 is associated with elevated SBS scores, but decreased IAH scores. These data suggest that among young men certain personality characteristics (Scales 9 and 5) compound homonegative affect and behavior.

The results of this study offer valuable insight into how helping professionals may attend to the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of those caring for an individual with autism.