Expectations about counseling may be one process variable which influences early premature termination. Expectations About Counseling questionnaire (EAC) scores of clients who continued in counseling to a mutually agreed-upon termination point were compared with those of clients who terminated therapy after one session without counselor agreement. Groups were equivalent in sex ratios and matched for problem type. There were no differences in precounseling expectations for premature versus appropriate terminations regardless of problem type. Results are discussed in terms of suggestions for further research.
One hundred and thirty-one female and 57 male students rated for each of 11 vocational and 22 personal problems who they expected to be more understanding and more knowledgeable in dealing with the problem and whom they would prefer to talk with, a male or a female counseling psychologist. Most subjects expressed no preference for psychologist gender for dealing with vocational problems, although men with a preference preferred a male psychologist to a slight degree. For personal-social problems, women subjects expressing a preference showed a consistent pattern of preference for a female psychologist; however, the number of women expressing some degree of preference and the strength-of preference varied across problems. Male subjects expressed generally weaker but more varied preferences than female subjects did. The expectancy for psychologist's understanding generally was found to be a stronger and more consistent correlate of preferences than expectations of knowledgeability.
This study investigated the impact of cognitive retraining on a sample of neurocognitively impaired alcoholics (N = 45). The treatment group received training on a hierarchical cumulative learning program. In this paradigm, the subjects mastered an isolated concept to automaticity, at which point a second and then a third concept were added. The training group demonstrated significantly improved performance over the practice and control groups on the three measures taken from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: total number of categories, perseverative errors, and nonperseverative errors. Neither the practice nor the control group exhibited significantly improved performance. These data lend support to an information processing perspective and are at odds with research that infers that neurophysiological substrates preclude normal functioning in alcoholics and argues that mere exposure of alcoholics to training stimuli prompts significant improvements. Treatment implications are discussed.
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