Clients' Expectations About Counseling and Perceptions of the Working Alliance

Tokar, David M.; Hardin, Susan I.; Adams, Eve M.; Brandel, Irvin W.

doi:10.1300/j035v11n02_03

Cited by 21 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…23 In addition, highly motivated clients, who enter counseling with the expectation that they will need to assume personal responsibility for doing the work of therapy, are more likely to form a strong working alliance. 24 Research is mixed, but it appears that experienced therapists may be slightly more skilled at cultivating high levels of working alliance. 23,25 Given its importance, it is understandable that there is concern about how well alliance can be established online.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Alliance in Online Therapy as Compared to Face-to-Face Therapy: Preliminary Results

Cook

Doyle

2002

CyberPsychology & Behavior

384

219

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Online therapy, defined as the provision of mental health services through the Internet, is a growing field that has sparked an abundance of interest and controversy. A primary concern in the practice of online therapy is whether a working alliance, considered a central component of successful therapy, can develop when participants are geographically separated. Working alliance scores were compared between a small, primarily female sample of online therapy consumers and a representative sample of traditional face-to-face therapy clients. Results revealed significantly higher means on the goal subscale and composite score of the Working Alliance Inventory in the online sample, suggesting that a working alliance can be adequately established in therapy delivered online. No significant differences in the level of working alliance were found within the online therapy sample with respect to modality of communication, client presenting problem, or therapist. Themes from comments suggest the importance for participants of the disinhibiting effects of the medium.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Alliance in Online Therapy as Compared to Face-to-Face Therapy: Preliminary Results

Cook

Doyle

2002

CyberPsychology & Behavior

384

219

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“…The Personal Commitment factor measures respondents' expectations about assurn-ing personal responsibility for working hard and achieving progress in counseling, and the Counselor Expertise factor measures respondents' expectations that the counselor will be a skilled practitioner who will be able to help them (Hayes & Tinsley, 1989). Tokar et al (1996) reported alphas of .91 for both the Personal Commitment and Counselor Expertise factors in a sample ofcounseling clinic clients. H. E. A.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have theorized about these expectations, and they have been shown to affect numerous aspects ofcounseling, including the working alliance between client and counselor, clients' level of involvement in counseling, and counseling effectiveness (e.g., Bordin, 1955;Frank, 1968; H. E. A. Tinsley, Tokar, & Helwig, 1994;Tokar, Hardin, Adams, & Brandel, 1996). Some studies have shown that influencing clients' expectations by briefing them about what to expect in counseling has been found to have beneficial effects on counseling, including increased client responsibility and relevant verbal responsiveness (Friedlander & Kaul, 1983), and decreased incidence of early termination of counseling sessions (Heilbrun, 1972).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Tinsley et al, 1994). Furthermore, clients who expect to assume more personal responsibility for working hard in counseling are more likely to evaluate their relationship with their counselor as collaborative and productive than are clients who expect an "expert" to solve their problems without having to actively participate themselves (Tokar et al, 1996). It is not uncommon for career counselors to be faced with clients who believe that an interest inventory ("the test"), the counselor, or a combination of the two will provide them with a quick, easy answer to the question of "What should I be when I grow up?"…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influencing Client Expectations About Career Counseling Using a Videotaped Intervention

Whitaker¹,

Phillips²,

Tokar³

2004

The Career Development Quart

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Realistic client expectations about career counseling are essential to positive client outcomes. The authors investigated a videotaped intervention designed to influence participants' expectations about career counseling using a pretest/posttest experimental design. As measured by the Expectations About Counseling‐Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982), undergraduate participants who watched the videotaped intervention significantly increased their expectations of personal commitment to career counseling and decreased their expectations of counselor expertise compared with participants who watched a control videotape. A secondary hypothesis, that changes in expectations would positively affect attitudes toward career counseling as measured by the Attitudes Toward Career Counseling Scale (A. R. Rochlen, J. J. Mohr, & B. K. Hargrove, 1999), was not supported.

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“…These researchers found that students with more positive expectations about counseling were more willing to seek help and were more positively impacted by their counseling experience. Schaub and Tokar (1999) and Tokar, Hardin, Adams, and Brandel (1996) reported that clients who expected to take responsibility for working hard to receive the desired outcome would form a stronger working alliance with their counselor.…”

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confidence: 99%

Terminology's Impact on Expectations about and Intentions to Seek Psychological Services

Shy

Waehler

2009

J. of Coll. Student Psychotherapy

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Recent research has suggested that psychologists could reframe counseling services as coaching in order to increase the use of psychological services by the general public. This study explored the differential impact of the terminology suggested by replacing the term counseling with the term coaching when assessing college students' expectations about and intentions to seek psychological services. Results indicated that students in general had similar expectations for directiveness, motivation, outcome, or intentions to seek psychological services regardless of terminology used to describe the services.

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Clients' Expectations About Counseling and Perceptions of the Working Alliance

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Working Alliance in Online Therapy as Compared to Face-to-Face Therapy: Preliminary Results

Working Alliance in Online Therapy as Compared to Face-to-Face Therapy: Preliminary Results

Influencing Client Expectations About Career Counseling Using a Videotaped Intervention

Terminology's Impact on Expectations about and Intentions to Seek Psychological Services

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