Distribution and density level of gullies reflect the level of land degradation on a watershed. This research aims to identify the distribution of gully and to calculate the density level of gully erosion in Kaliwungu Watershed. The distribution of gully was obtained through field survey, while the density level was analyzed based on landuse and landform maps. Gully distribution was overlayed on landuse and landform maps. Landuse was delineated by interpreting aerial photograph of Kaliwungu Watershed. Aerial imagery supported by the result of Sentinel image processing was used to observe vegetation density. Landform and slope were delineated from DEM. Catchment area of gully erosion were delineated by DEM and aerial photograph interpretation of Kaliwungu Watershed. Gully density is calculated by comparing erosion length and erosion volume to the catchment area extent. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the factors that influenced gully. The analysis was conducted based on the result of overlaying gully distribution on landuse and landform maps. The result of this research were a 1:10.000 map of gully distribution and density level of gully erosion in Kaliwungu Watershed. There were three density classes of gully in Kaliwungu Watershed which are high, medium, and low. The formation process of intensive gully only takes place at some intensively land cultivation points or at some land that has been highly disturbed by human activities. The result shows that landuse and land cultivation was the factors that influenced the formation of gully erosion.
Biochar, pumice, and mycorrhizae applications using direct testing methods in the field have not been widely carried out. The application of biochar in this study was used as a conservation material to control runoff and erosion. The research was conducted using a field plot during the peak of the rainy season (March-April) of 2021. The study was conducted in areas where the soil material is dominated by clay (>40%) and steep slope angles (>60%). The cropping pattern at the research site is generally cassava in the dry season and corn in the rainy season. Four 1 × 10 m field plots with corn stands were prepared with biochar, pumice, mycorrhizae, and control treatments. Runoff and sediment measurements were carried out by calculating the volume of water and suspension in the storage tank. The effect of three treatments was observed and measured through some soil characteristics such as bulk density (BD), specific gravity (SG), porosity, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and aggregate stability. The highest rainfall in March and April reached 441 mm/month, with the highest intensity reaching 150 mm/week. Under intense rainfall, biochar application provides better performance than pumice and mycorrhizae. Runoff reduction from biochar is the highest, with 51.67%. On the other hand, pumice and mycorrhizae show a lower effectivity in decreasing runoff with 40.15% and 37.92%, respectively. The effectivity on lowering runoff translates to each ameliorant’s performance in reducing soil loss. Biochar decreases soil loss by 50.78%, while pumice and mycorrhizae decrease soil loss by 37.9% and 26.26%. The application of biochar reduced the rate of erosion by altering soil characteristics. Biochar application provides better soil characteristics by reducing BD and SG while at the same time increasing the porosity, OM, CEC, and aggregate stability. The changes provided by biochar can provide means to both soil conservation and increase in soil productivity.
Distribution and density level of gullies reflect the level of land degradation on a watershed. This research aims to identify the distribution of gully and to calculate the density level of gully erosion in Kaliwungu Watershed. The distribution of gully was obtained through field survey, while the density level was analyzed based on landuse and landform maps. Gully distribution was overlayed on landuse and landform maps. Landuse was delineated by interpreting aerial photograph of Kaliwungu Watershed. Aerial imagery supported by the result of Sentinel image processing was used to observe vegetation density. Landform and slope were delineated from DEM. Catchment area of gully erosion were delineated by DEM and aerial photograph interpretation of Kaliwungu Watershed. Gully density is calculated by comparing erosion length and erosion volume to the catchment area extent. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the factors that influenced gully. The analysis was conducted based on the result of overlaying gully distribution on landuse and landform maps. The result of this research were a 1:10.000 map of gully distribution and density level of gully erosion in Kaliwungu Watershed. There were three density classes of gully in Kaliwungu Watershed which are high, medium, and low. The formation process of intensive gully only takes place at some intensively land cultivation points or at some land that has been highly disturbed by human activities. The result shows that landuse and land cultivation was the factors that influenced the formation of gully erosion.
Distribution and density level of gullies reflect the level of land degradation on a watershed. This research aims to identify the distribution of gully and to calculate the density level of gully erosion in Kaliwungu Watershed. The distribution of gully was obtained through field survey, while the density level was analyzed based on landuse and landform maps. Gully distribution was overlayed on landuse and landform maps. Landuse was delineated by interpreting aerial photograph of Kaliwungu Watershed. Aerial imagery supported by the result of Sentinel image processing was used to observe vegetation density. Landform and slope were delineated from DEM. Catchment area of gully erosion were delineated by DEM and aerial photograph interpretation of Kaliwungu Watershed. Gully density is calculated by comparing erosion length and erosion volume to the catchment area extent. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the factors that influenced gully. The analysis was conducted based on the result of overlaying gully distribution on landuse and landform maps. The result of this research were a 1:10.000 map of gully distribution and density level of gully erosion in Kaliwungu Watershed. There were three density classes of gully in Kaliwungu Watershed which are high, medium, and low. The formation process of intensive gully only takes place at some intensively land cultivation points or at some land that has been highly disturbed by human activities. The result shows that landuse and land cultivation was the factors that influenced the formation of gully erosion.
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