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The ultimate goal of any scientific development is to increase well-being and human health. Novel strategies are required for the achievement of safe and effective therapeutic treatments beyond the conventional ones, and society needs new requirements for new technologies, moving towards clean and green technology development. Green nanotechnology is a branch of green technology that utilizes the concepts of green chemistry and green engineering. It reduces the use of energy and fuel by using less material and renewable inputs wherever possible. Green nanotechnology, in phytoformulations, significantly contributes to environmental sustainability through the production of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, without causing harm to human health or the environment. The rationale behind the utilization of plants in nanoparticle formulations is that they are easily available and possess a broad variability of metabolites, such as vitamins, antioxidants, and nucleotides. For instance, gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention for their controllable size, shape, and surface properties. A variety of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have also been synthesized from plant extracts. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are also important metal oxide nanomaterials that have been synthesized from a number of plant extracts. International and domestic laws, government and private-party programs, regulations and policies are being carefully reviewed and revised to increase their utility and nurture these nanoscale materials for commercialization. Inspiring debates and government initiatives are required to promote the sustainable use of nanoscale products. In this review, we will discuss the potential of the utilization of plant extracts in the advancement of nanotechnology.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) has been described as one of the extremely effective and promising scientific tools available to mankind. AI and its associated innovations are becoming more popular in industry and culture, and they are starting to show up in healthcare. Numerous facets of healthcare, as well as regulatory procedures within providers, payers, and pharmaceutical companies, may be transformed by these innovations. As a result, the purpose of this review is to identify the potential machine learning applications in the field of infectious diseases and the general healthcare system. The literature on this topic was extracted from various databases, such as Google, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The articles having important information were selected for this review. The most challenging task for AI in such healthcare sectors is to sustain its adoption in daily clinical practice, regardless of whether the programs are scalable enough to be useful. Based on the summarized data, it has been concluded that AI can assist healthcare staff in expanding their knowledge, allowing them to spend more time providing direct patient care and reducing weariness. Overall, we might conclude that the future of “conventional medicine” is closer than we realize, with patients seeing a computer first and subsequently a doctor.

Microsphere based drug delivery system has gained substantial attention in the modern era. Microspheres are normally free-flowing powders that can be made with both natural and synthetic polymers. The sizes of the microspheres ranges from 1 to 1000 µm. Microspheres are matrix systems in which the drug is uniformly dispersed, dissolved or suspended. Microspheres contain solid or liquid drug dissolved or dispersed in a matrix system. The current review provides an inclusive outline of up to date and novel developments on formations of microspheres which have been reported to increase bioavailability, improves stability, enhances biological half-life and reduces the toxicity of the drug. Microsphere provides efficient delivery of various proteins and peptide molecules. There are different types of microspheres such as bio adhesive microsphere, magnetic microsphere, floating microsphere, and polymeric microspheres. Diverse kinds of methods are used in the formulation of microsphere e. g. Simple emulsion-based method, Double emulsion-based method, Interfacial deposition technique, Interfacial polymerization technique, Phase separation method, and Spray drying. Microspheres deliver the drug in a controlled manner through different routes like oral, topical, naso-pulmonary and gene therapy. The Polymeric based microspheres are model carriers for numerous controlled delivery applications owing to their capacity to encapsulate a diversity of drugs, bio-compatibility, high bio-availability and continuous drug release character. Therefore, by developing newer techniques, it can give more therapeutic effects and improves the safety of drugs. The formation of microspheres has been reported to increase bioavailability, improves stability, enhances biological half-life and reduces the toxicity of the drug.

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Introduction: Spasticity is a disease of motor neurons that manifests as accelerated muscle tone and stiffness. The niosomes can be formulated with the aid of proper adjustment of process parameters to enhance baclofen entrapment and sustaining the drug release. Method: The main purpose of this study is to compare different formulations of span 60 niosomes containing baclofen for skeletal muscle relaxant activity on mice (Swiss albino mice) by rota rod method. Results: The particle size of formulated niosomes was in the range of 3.62±0.54-4.08±0.64 µm and these were smooth, circular fit and generally small multilamellar. Entrapment efficiency of optimized formulation was 88.44±0.28 %. The most extreme % cumulative drug release was 87.88±8.66% after 10 h. The formulation stored at 4±2 °C temperature shows better stability (96.65±0.45) contrasted with raised temperature. Swiss albino mice were utilized for in vivo study and displayed improved muscle relaxant action as far as no. of tumbles from rota rod apparatus (p value =0.001) are concerned. Conclusions: Nonetheless, diazepam treated mice were observed to have higher muscle relaxation than any dose of formulation tested. The formulation F9 shows better skeletal muscle relaxant activity as compared to F6, F7, F8 and F10 on mice (Swiss albino mice) by the rota rod technique.

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is an important source of carbohydrates as an energy source and is used as a staple food throughout the world. It is rich in mucilage and starch granules, making it a highly digestible ingredient. Mucilage can act as a matrix and a thickening, binding, emulsifying, or foaming agent in food, pharmaceutical, and several other fields of research. Moreover, mucilage can be extracted from several living organisms and has excellent functional properties, such as water-holding, oil-holding, and swelling capacities. Therefore, these remarkable functional properties make mucilage a promising ingredient with possible industrial applications. Furthermore, several extraction techniques, including enzyme-assisted, ultrasonication, microwave-assisted, aquatic, and solvent extraction methods, are used to obtain quantitative amounts of taro mucilage. Coldwater extraction with ethanol precipitation can be considered an effective and cost-effective technique to obtain high-quality mucilage with suitable industrial applications, whereas the ultrasonication method is more expensive but results in a higher amount of mucilage than other emerging techniques. Mucilage can also be used as a fat replacer or reducer, dye remover, coating agent, and antioxidating agent. Therefore, in this review, we detail the key properties related to the extraction techniques, chemical composition, and characterization of taro mucilage, along with its suitable applications and health benefits.