Green Nanotechnology: Advancement in Phytoformulation Research

Abstract

The ultimate goal of any scientific development is to increase well-being and human health. Novel strategies are required for the achievement of safe and effective therapeutic treatments beyond the conventional ones, and society needs new requirements for new technologies, moving towards clean and green technology development. Green nanotechnology is a branch of green technology that utilizes the concepts of green chemistry and green engineering. It reduces the use of energy and fuel by using less material and renewable inputs wherever possible. Green nanotechnology, in phytoformulations, significantly contributes to environmental sustainability through the production of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, without causing harm to human health or the environment. The rationale behind the utilization of plants in nanoparticle formulations is that they are easily available and possess a broad variability of metabolites, such as vitamins, antioxidants, and nucleotides. For instance, gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention for their controllable size, shape, and surface properties. A variety of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have also been synthesized from plant extracts. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are also important metal oxide nanomaterials that have been synthesized from a number of plant extracts. International and domestic laws, government and private-party programs, regulations and policies are being carefully reviewed and revised to increase their utility and nurture these nanoscale materials for commercialization. Inspiring debates and government initiatives are required to promote the sustainable use of nanoscale products. In this review, we will discuss the potential of the utilization of plant extracts in the advancement of nanotechnology.

Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation

“…In recent years, research on NP synthesis has mainly focused on green synthesis using bacteria [73,118] and plants [119][120][121][122]. For example, the marine extremophilic bacteria Pseudoalteromonas was used to obtain Au NPs with non-cytotoxic, non-genotoxic and non-oxidative stress generated over a range of concentrations but provoking alterations in DNA methylation and in the expression of DNA methyltransferase genes [118].…”

“…ZnO NPs biosynthesis was carried out using plant extracts such as Ocimum tenuiflorum, Trifolium pretense, or Agathosma betulina [122], Menthaa pulegium leaf extract [141], Crocus Sativus petal extract [142], or Laurus nobilis plant extract [143]. Another ZnO NP synthesis is the thermal decomposition of Zn-metal organic frameworks.…”

“…Contrary to the metal oxides previously described, few studies exist concerning copper or copper oxide. A range of Cu and CuO NPs have been obtained from plant extracts such as magnolia, Syzygium aromaticum, Euphorbia nivulia [122], Triticum aestivum [195], Fusarium solani [196], and Aloe vera extract [197].…”

Bioactive metal oxide nanoparticles from some common fruit wastes and Euphorbia condylocarpa plant

“…Novel strategies are required for the achievement of safe and effective new and clean technologies, moving toward green technology development that significantly contributes to environmental sustainability through the production of nanostructures without causing harm to human health or the environment (Soni, Mehta, Soni, & Goswami, 2018; Velusamy, Venkat Kumar, Jeyanthi, Das, & Pachaiappan, 2016; Verma, Gautam, Bansal, Prabhakar, & Rosenholm, 2019). The term of nanotechnology defines the process of designing, synthesis, and application of any particle having size 1–100 nm which introduce a spectrum of nanoscale materials with enhancement of solubility and bioavailability, improvement of stability, suppression of toxicity, improvement of pharmacological activity, sustained delivery, improving tissue macrophage circulation, and defense against physical and chemical degradation.…”

Utilization of Rice Husks into Biochar and Nanosilica: For Clean Energy, Soil Fertility and Green Nanotechnology

“…Green nanotechnology has been described as the development of clean technologies, "to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new nanoproducts that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle. Green nanotechnology is a branch of green technology linking the concepts of green chemistry and green engineering, where the word "green" refers to the use of plant products [11] as in this case, rice husks. Researchers and scientist from different fields draw interests in green nanotechnology as a novel approach and state-of-theart science [12] with diverse applications to industry, agriculture and environment.…”