Transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous phenotype is essentially backed by genetic mutations that trigger several oncogenic signaling pathways. These signaling pathways rewire the cellular metabolism to meet the bioenergetic and biomass requirement of proliferating cell, which is different from a quiescent cell. Although the change of metabolism in a cancer cell was observed and studied in the mid-20th century, it was not adequate to explain oncogenesis. Now, equipped with a revolution of oncogenes, we have a genetic basis to explain the transformation. Through several studies, it is clear now that such metabolic alterations not only promote cancer progression but also contribute to the chemoresistance of cancer. Targeting specific enzymes and combinations of enzymes can improve the efficacy of cancer therapy and help to overcome the therapeutic resistance.
Background:The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection which manifests as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease involving the defects of the T-lymphocyte arm of the immune system. Certain laboratory parameters such as the cluster of differentiation (CD4) count and clinical parameters have long been used as markers of disease progression. In industrialized countries, many studies show a highly correlation between the incidence of oral lesions and immunosuppression and hence, can be used as a marker of immunosuppression. This might not be applicable to a developing country like India. In this study, efforts have been made to supplement the present knowledge on various aspects of oral manifestations in HIV patients in the Indian subcontinent.Aims:To correlate the oral manifestations in HIV/AIDS patients to the level of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and their effect in anti-retroviral therapy (ART).Subjects and Methods:A total of 104 HIV positive patients were examined for oral lesions. The CD4 count estimated on the same day by fluorescent activated cell sort count machine was then correlated with various oral lesions.Results:Oral manifestations appeared when CD4 count decreased below 500 cells/mm3. Moreover, oral lesions found at different stages showed very strong correlation to their respective CD4 count. Furthermore, there was considerable decline in the incidence of oral manifestations in patients undergoing highly active ART.Conclusions:Oral manifestations are highly predictive markers of severe immune deterioration and disease progression in HIV patients.
Plants of genus Leucas (Lamiaceae) are widely distributed throughout Asia, Africa, and India. The plant is used in traditional medicine to cure many diseases such as cough, cold, diarrhea, and inflammatory skin disorder. A variety of phytoconstituents have been isolated from the Leucas species, which include lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, terpenes, fatty acids, and aliphatic long-chain compounds. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities have been reported in the extracts of these plants and their phytoconstituents. An overview of the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigations on the Leucas species is presented in this review.
Aim:The aim of the study was to evaluate the proliferative index (PI) at their invasive front of oral cancer and their association with Bryne's grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare the PI with lymph node metastasis, site of involvement, and habits.
Materials and methods:The Ki-67 antigen expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in a total of 102 cases that included the histopathologically diagnosed archival specimens of OSCCs. They were subdivided by Bryne's histopathological grading into grade I (40 cases), grade II (32 cases), and grade III (30 cases). The nucleus with brown stain was considered positive. Cells were counted under 400× magnification. The proliferative activity thus determined was then expressed as a percentage of Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI) positive cells.
Results:A stepwise increase in the mean Ki-67 LI was found from grade I to III squamous cell carcinoma, thus correlating with the histological grading. In addition, there was a higher PI seen in cases associated with metastatic lymph node, which concords with the higher biologic aggressiveness and poor prognosis of the lesion.
Conclusion:The present study shows a definitive correlation of Ki-67 antigen with the Bryne's histological grading, all the parameters of Bryne's grading for OSCC and lymph node status of the patient proving its association as an effective tool to grade the tumors and finally read the prognosis of the tumor. Clinical significance: Cell proliferation is regarded as one of the most important biologic mechanisms in oncogenesis. The role of cell proliferation in tumor progression has been inferred in studies concerned with human cancer by comparing the PI of normal tissue, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. The Ki-67 antigen-labeled cells can prove to be an effective aid to grade the tumors. It might be possible to standardize and objectify tumor grading among pathology laboratories.
Proliferative Index in Invasive Tumor
The antimicrobial potency of the whole plant of Leucas clarkei have been studied using the soxhlet extracts of petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and ethanol extract against Gram-positive bacteria (Two strains), Gramnegative bacteria (Two strains) and two fungi strains by disc diffusion method. Micro-dilution methods, for the determination of minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal and fungicidal concentration (MBC, MFC). The ethanol extract at a concentration of 30 to 60 µg/disc and chloroform extract at a concentration 60 µg/disc showed significant activity against all the bacteria and fungus. All the extracts of L. clarkei have got moderate action but chloroform and ethanol extracts have got significant activity against Candida krusei, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. This may be due to phytochemicals such as phytosterols, alkaloid, tannins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids present in the extracts.
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Floridcemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) is a“fibro-osseouslesion” that characteristically affects the jaw bones of the middle-aged with multi-quadrant radiopaque cementum-like masses. In thepast, the condition was known with a variety of names causing confusion in diagnosis and treatment. The condition is usually asymptomatic and needs no treatment as such. The diagnosis of FCOD is made on the basis of typical clinico-radiological features and biopsy is usually not recommended due to the risk of postoperative infection. This paper reports a rare case of FCOD affecting mandible bilaterally in a forty-two years old woman.
Ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive common odontogenic tumor of the jaws. Although histopathological and radiological findings have been extensively studied for the diagnosis of ameloblastoma, usefulness of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has not been explored much. Here, we have reported four cases of ameloblastomas diagnosed by FNAC and subsequently confirmed by histopathology.
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