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SynopsisThe initiation of polymerization of vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA) by a charge transfer complex formed between n-butylamine(nBA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 3OoC is slow. The effect of the dimethylsulfoxide complexes of Rh(II1) and Ru(I1) on the polymerization of MMA and MA in the presence of nBA, and CCl, in DMSO has been studied. The rate of polymerization and percent conversion of the MMA and MA at 3OoC are evaluated at the critical concentration of the metal complexes. At the critical range of the metal complex concentrations, both Rp and percent conversion of MMA and MA were found to be highest. However, above and below the critical concentrations, R, and percent conversion of the monomers were found to decrease. A suitable mechanism for the polymerization has been proposed. EXPERIMENTALMMA(BDH) and MA(BDH) were purified as prescribed in the literature.12 nBA,l3 Ccl4,l4 and DMS015 (all E. Merck) were distilled before use. The complexes hexakis (DMSO) rhodium(II1) tetrafluoroborate {[Rh(DMSO)6] (BF&]) (A), trichlorotris(DMS0) rhodium(III){[Rh(DMS0)~C1~]) (B), tribromotris(DMS0) rhodium(II1) {[Rh(DMS0)3Br3])(C), dichlorotetrakis(DMS0) ruthenium (11) {[Ru(DMS0)4Cl2])(D), and dibromotetrakis(DMS0) ruthenium

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Euphorbiaceae represents flowering plants family of tropical and sub-tropical region rich in secondary metabolites of economic importance. To understand and assess the genetic makeup among the members, this study was undertaken to characterize and compare SSR markers from publicly available ESTs and GSSs of nine selected species of the family. Mining of SSRs was performed by MISA, primer designing by Primer3, while functional annotation, gene ontology (GO) and enrichment analysis were performed by Blast2GO. A total 12,878 number of SSRs were detected from 101,701 number of EST sequences. SSR density ranged from 1 SSR/3.22 kb to 1 SSR/15.65 kb. A total of 1873 primer pairs were designed for the annotated SSR-Contigs. About 77.07% SSR-ESTs could be assigned a significant match to the protein database. 3037 unique SSR-FDM were assigned and IPR003657 (WRKY Domain) was found to be the most dominant FDM among the members. 1810 unique GO terms obtained were further subjected to enrichment analysis to obtain 513 statistically significant GO terms mapped to the SSR containing ESTs. Most frequent enriched GO terms were, GO:0003824 for molecular function, GO:0006350 for biological process and GO:0005886 for cellular component, justifying the richness of defensive secondary metabolites and phytomedicine within the family. The results from this study provides tangible insight to genetic make-up and distribution of SSRs. Functional annotation corresponded many genes of unknown functions which may be considered as novel genes or genes responsible for stress specific secondary metabolites. Further studies are required to understand stress specific genes accountable for leveraging the synthesis of secondary metabolites.

Male infertility is a global public health concern. Teratozoospermia is a qualitative anomaly of spermatozoa morphology, contributing significantly to male infertility, whereas azoospermia is the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Thus, there is a serious need for unveiling the common origin and/or connection between both of these diseases, if any. This study aims to identify common potential biomarker genes of these two diseases via an in silico approach using a meta-analysis of microarray data. In this study, a differential expression analysis of genes was performed on four publicly available RNA microarray datasets, two each from teratozoospermia (GSE6872 and GSE6967) and azoospermia (GSE145467 and GSE25518). From the analysis, 118 DEGs were found to be common to teratozoospermia and azoospermia, and, interestingly, sperm autoantigenic protein 17 (SPA17) was found to possess the highest fold change value among all the DEGs (9.471), while coiled-coil domain-containing 90B (CCDC90B) and coiled-coil domain-containing 91 (CCDC91) genes were found to be common among three of analyses, i.e., Network Analyst, ExAtlas, and GEO2R. This observation indicates that SPA17, CCDC90B, and CCDC91 genes might have significant roles to play as potential biomarkers for teratozoospermia and azoospermia. Thus, our study opens a new window of research in this area and can provide an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of both these diseases.

Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) is a perennial noxious weed native to Eurasia, which can also be potentially useful as a biofuel, medicine, or a pest control agent. In this study, we analysed publicly available ESTs of 'NCBI dbEST' (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST) using in silico tools to have an insight into the genetic makeup of the plant. Mining of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) was performed by MISA, primer designing by Primer3 while functional annotation, gene ontology and enrichment analysis were performed by Blast2GO. SSR mining from 47543 ESTs revealed a total 3248 SSRs, of which di-, tri-and hexa-nucleotide repeats were 352 (10.83%), 822 (25.30%), 17 (0.52%) respectively. A total of 527 primer pairs were designed for the annotated SSR-Contigs. About 77.07% SSR-ESTs could be assigned a significant match to the protein database. 210 unique SSR-FDM (Functional Domain Markers) were assigned for significant functional domains by InterProScan. The gene ontology (GO) analysis provided 1213 number of unique GO terms which were subjected to enrichment analysis to obtain 95 statistically significant GO terms mapped to the SSR containing ESTs. Most frequent enriched GO terms were GO:0005886 for cellular component, GO:0003677 for molecular function and GO:0044255 in case of biological process, indicating the potential of the species as a fuel crop. Many SSR markers were functionally annotated to various biotic and abiotic stress responsive genes. Further studies may help us to understand these traits of extreme adaptive features. This will provide opportunity to genetically manage and modify crops for resistance to these stresses.

(1) Background: To assess the genetic makeup among the agro-economically important members of Euphorbiaceae, the present study was conducted to identify and characterize high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and their comparative distribution in exonic and intronic regions from the publicly available expressed sequence tags (ESTs). (2) Methods: Quality sequences obtained after pre-processing by an EG assembler were assembled into contigs using the CAP3 program at 95% identity; the mining of SNP was performed by QualitySNP; GENSCAN (standalone) was used for detecting the distribution of SNPs in the exonic and intronic regions. (3) Results: A total of 25,432 potential SNPs (pSNP) and 14,351 high-quality SNPs (qSNP), including 2276 indels, were detected from 260,479 EST sequences. The ratio of quality SNP to potential SNP ranged from 0.22 to 0.75. A higher frequency of transitions and transversions was observed more in the exonic than the intronic region, while indels were present more in the intronic region. C↔T (transition) was the most dominant nucleotide substitution, while in transversion, A↔T was the dominant nucleotide substitution, and in indel, A/- was dominant. (4) Conclusions: Detected SNP markers may be useful for linkage mapping; marker-assisted breeding; studying genetic diversity; mapping important phenotypic traits, such as adaptation or oil production; or disease resistance by targeting and screening mutations in important genes.