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The electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique for structural health monitoring (SHM) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) employs piezoelectric-ceramic (PZT) patches, which are surface bonded to the monitored structures using adhesives. The adhesive forms a finitely thick, permanent interfacial layer between the host structure and the patch. Hence, the force transmission between the structure and the patch occurs through the bond layer, via shear mechanism, invariably causing shear lag. However, the impedance models developed so far ignore the associated shear lag and idealize the force transfer to occur at the ends of the patch. This paper analyses the mechanism of force transfer through the bond layer and presents a step-by-step derivation to integrate the shear lag effect into impedance formulations, both one-dimensional and two-dimensional. Further, using the integrated model, the influence of various parameters (associated with the bond layer) on the electromechanical admittance response is studied by means of a parametric study. It is found that the bond layer can significantly modify the measured electromechanical admittance if not carefully controlled during the installation of the PZT patch.

This paper presents the results of a health monitoring study, carried out during the destructive load testing of a prototype reinforced concrete (RC) bridge. The bridge was made up of cement-concrete reinforced with steel rods, and represented a popular class of road bridges in which regular health monitoring is a very important issue during the service life. The bridge was instrumented with piezoceramic transducer (PZT) patches, which were electrically excited at high frequencies, of the order of kHz, and the real part of admittance (conductance) was extracted as a function of the exciting frequency. The patches were scanned for the acquisition of this signature at various stages during the loading process. The signatures of the patches located in the vicinity of the damage were found to have undergone drastic changes, while those farther away were less affected. Damage was quantified in non-parametric terms using the root mean square of the deviation in signatures with respect to the baseline signature of the healthy state. This non-parametric index was found to correlate well with the damage progression in the structure.

SUMMARYAlthough structural mechanical impedance is a direct representation of the structural parameters, its measurement is di cult at high frequencies owing to practical considerations. This paper presents a new method of damage diagnosis by means of changes in the structural mechanical impedance at high frequencies. The mechanical impedance is extracted from the electro-mechanical admittance signatures of piezoelectric-ceramic (PZT) patches surface bonded to the structure using the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique. The main feature of the newly developed approach is that both the real as well as the imaginary component of the admittance signature is used in damage quantiÿcation. A complex damage metric is proposed to quantify damage parametrically based on the extracted structural parameters, i.e. the equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) sti ness, the mass, and the damping associated with the drive point of the PZT patch. The proposed scheme eliminates the need for any a priori information about the phenomenological nature of the structure or any 'model' of the structural system. As proof of concept, the paper reports a damage diagnosis study conducted on a model reinforced concrete (RC) frame subjected to base vibrations on a shaking table. The proposed methodology was found to perform better than the existing damage quantiÿcation approaches, i.e. the low-frequency vibration methods as well as the traditional raw-signature based damage quantiÿcation in the EMI technique.

This paper presents a new approach for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of concrete, covering both strength prediction and damage assessment, using the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique. A new empirical method is proposed to determine in situ concrete strength non-destructively using admittance signatures of surface bonded piezoimpedance transducers. This is followed by 'identification' of appropriate impedance parameters for concrete. The identified parameters are found to be sensitive to structural damages as well as to concrete strength gain during curing. Comprehensive tests were conducted on concrete specimens up to failure to empirically calibrate the 'identified' system parameters with damage severity. An empirical fuzzy probabilistic damage model is proposed to quantitatively predict damage severity in concrete based on variation in the identified equivalent stiffness.

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Asia is the largest and most populous continent in the world with over 45 million square kilometers of land mass and 4.5 billion people. Asia is characterized by numerous densely populated cities. Structural health monitoring is a non-issue for the underdeveloped countries where basic amenities of survival are more important. However, structural health monitoring is crucial for the developing countries, especially those with densely populated cities like Singapore, Mumbai, and Hong Kong, where any infrastructural failure could be devastating to their society and economy. Structural health monitoring of mechanical and aerospace structures is mostly similar worldwide, but of civil infrastructures could vary due to socio-economic, cultural, geographical, and governmental reasons across countries, and even across states within the same country. This article, which is an enhancement to the keynote paper of the International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM 2015, Stanford University, USA), presents some of the better known structural health monitoring studies of key civil infrastructures in a few Asian countries. In addition, the authors' research and applications of structural health monitoring technology carried out at the Nanyang Technological University for civil infrastructures in Singapore are presented. At the end, the authors also discuss recent work on energy harvesting using piezoelectric transducers as an alternative to wired structural health monitoring for automated and self-powered structural health monitoring.

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