PurposeThis research aims to outline the key factors responsible for industry 4.0 (I4.0) application in industries and establish a factor stratification model.Design/methodology/approachThis article identifies the factor pool responsible for I4.0 from the extant literature. It aims to identify the set of key factors for the I4.0 application in the manufacturing industry and validate, classify factor pool using appropriate statistical tools, for example, factor analysis, principal component analysis and item analysis.FindingsThis study would shed light on critical factors and subfactors for implementing I4.0 in manufacturing industries from the factor pool. This study would shed light on critical factors and subfactors for implementing I4.0 in manufacturing industries. Strategy, leadership and culture are found key elements of transformation in the journey of I4.0. Additionally, design and development in the digital twin, virtual testing and simulations were also important factors to consider by manufacturing firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed I4.0 factor stratification model will act as a starting point while designing strategy, adopting readiness index for I4.0 and creating a roadmap for I4.0 application in manufacturing. The I4.0 factors identified and validated in this paper will act as a guide for policymakers, researchers, academicians and practitioners working on the implementation of Industry 4.0. This work establishes a solid groundwork for developing an I4.0 maturity model for manufacturing industries.Originality/valueThe existing I4.0 literature is critically examined for creating a factor pool that further presented to experts to ensure sufficient rigor and comprehensiveness, particularly checking the relevance of subfactors for the manufacturing sector. This work is an attempt to identify and validate major I4.0 factors that can impact its mass adoption that is further empirically tested for factor stratification.
The aim of this study is to examine the social status of Nepalese single women and their perception on remarriage. For this purpose, out of 157 respondents, 128 single women (7.3% margin of error and 90% Confidence level) of age 25 years to 80 years, from Pokhara Metropolitan City Ward No. 26 and 27 were interviewed purposively by using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used for the analysis of the data. Majority of single women were from age group of 40 years and above. Majority of them were illiterate and deprived from the political, social and economic participation. Major problems faced by the single women are economic hardship, family violence (especially mental tension given by the family and society), less freedom, deprivation of the social and economic rights and participations, less decision making roles and so on. Further, the majority of the single women had very little freedom to do something and go somewhere. It is also found that the land ownership has been transferred to them but it is due to legal provision after the death of husbands only. The result also shows that the single women faced the problem of loneliness. Majority of respondents think about remarriage without leaving children. It clearly shows that majority of the single women want to remarry not for physical pleasure but concerning about their safety, their children future and less economic burden. The study depicted that the barriers for the single women in social and religious participations have been changed slowly. It can be concluded that the social status of single women seems to be changing towards positive social status such as society has been liberal in their clothing and participation in various religious functions.
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