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The immune system plays an important role in the prevention of infection and forms the first line of defense
against pathogen attack. Delivering of antigen through mucosal route may elicit mucosal immune system as the mucosal
surface is the most common site of pathogen entry. Mucosal immune system will be capable to counter pathogen at mucosal
surface. Oral mucosal immunization opens the ways to deliver antigens at gut-associated lymphoid tissue. This can elicit
both local and systemic immune response. Mucosal vaccines are economical, highly accessible, non parenteral delivery and
capacity to produce mass immunization at the time of pandemics. To deliver antigens on the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system relies on specialized epithelial cell i.e. Microfold (M)-cell. An approach to exploit the
targeting specific receptors on M-cell for entry of antigens has made a breakthrough in the vaccine development. In this review, various strategies have been discussed for the possible entry of antigens through M-cells and an approach to increase
the uptake and efficacy of vaccines for oral mucosal immunization.
Background: Viral infection caused by Hepatitis B is transmitted by permucosal or parenteral exposure and also one of the prime causes of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Objectives: M-cell targeting acid-resistant oral vaccine delivery have been formulated for immunization against Hepatitis B infection. Methods: Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLNs) were prepared utilizing solvent injection technique. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loaded alginate coated cSLNs were anchored with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SDS-PAGE was performed to evaluate acid degradation protection of prepared formulation. Induction of immunity produced by prepared nanoparticle for Hepatitis B was determined on female Balb/c mice followed by ELISA assays for assessing anti-HBsAg IgG/IgA antibodies in mucosal fluids. Results: Sustained release of HBsAg (60.66 %) has been exhibited from alginate coated cSLNs in comparison to cSLNs without alginate coating (97.72 %) after 48 h. The production of anti-HBs titer in intestinal, salivary and vaginal secretions was 3.41 IU/ml, 3.1 IU/ml and 2.51 IU/ml respectively in comparison to the control group. Integrity of the M-cells has been maintained after binding with SLN, and oral administration delivered the antigen to the desired site of gut. Conclusion: It was found effective in producing antibodies in mucosal immunization against Hepatitis B virus. So, this formulation could be used as a promising alternative preexisting vaccine to prevent Hepatitis B infection.
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