An experiment was undertaken to analyse the impact of fluctuating climateon growth and development of mulberry cuttings (T-1), saplings (T-2), wild tree (T-3) and cultivated tree (control) of the same variety (Chakmajra). Various growth parameters like survivability percentage, rooting percentage, number of sprouted cuttings, fresh and dry weight of leaves and moisture retention capacity (MRC) were studied. Poonch district experienced temperature (temp.) of 3.8 to 15.3 ºC, relative humidity (RH) of 56 to 62%, rainfall 560 to 87mm and snowfall of 213 to 461mm during January to April, 2022. Maximum survivability and rooting percentage of 85.6% in case of T-1 and least 60% in T-3. Whereas, maximum values of longest shoot length and thickest diameter was recorded in T-2 as 16.2 cm and 1.1 cm respectively. T-2 showed more positive results in terms of total no. of available fresh leaves (09), fresh (64g) and dry (16g) weight of the shoots, no. of primary roots (78), MRC (86.2%) and diameter of shoot (1.1cm). Therefore, it can be concluded that farmers should plant saplings directly to save time and resources as it showed better results in terms of various traits under the agro-climatic conditions of Poonch district.
The current study was formulated to analyse the impact of different biodegradable and synthetic mulches on growth and yield parameters of mulberry plant. Among the selected parameters survival rate of mulberry plants was recorded to be maximum in T-2 i.e, paddy straw and husk as 95% followed by T-1 and T-3 i.e, Black polythene mulch and Green branches of tree respectively as 90% and least for Control i.e, without any mulch as 70%. Least population of weeds with minimum intensity was recorded in T-1 (05) followed by T-2 (08) and T-3 (10). Maximum weed flora with highest intensity of weeds was found in Control i.e, without any mulch (20). For the studied samples, maximum soil moisture percentage and moisture retention capacity (MRC) of 66.57 & 95.6% was recorded in T-1 followed by T-3 as 40.31 & 87% and T-2 as 16.36 & 91% and minimum in control as 13.43 & 85.56%. The pH was recorded as 6.1 in T-1 depicting the slightly acidic soiland could be viewed as the most appropriate soil pH for mulberry cultivation. Available NPK were recorded to be in the most ideal range for T-1 as 8.2, 1.3 and 9.6%. Maximum leaf size was recorded in T-1 as 126cm followed by T-2 and T-3 as 116cm and 110cm respectively and 105cm in control. Moisture percentage was recorded to be highest 76.23% followed by 74.61% and 54.16% for T-3, T-1 and T-2 respectively and 68.2% in control. Maximum MRC was observed in case of plants grown under Black polythene mulch (73.24%) and least in green branch mulch (61.39%). Therefore, it can be concluded that application of suitable bio-mulches in mulberry fields can reduce the dependency of chemical weedicides.
Morus spp. exhibits wide variation in leaf morphology among different species and accessions within the same species. Some of the important silent morphological characteristics pertaining to mulberry leaf and fruit have been selected for the current study. Among all the ten selected genotypes ovate leaf shape was recorded to be the most common ones. Maximum leaf size of leaf was recorded in case of genotype S-1635 as 187cm and minimum in case of Kanva-2 as 28cm. Most of the genotypes were recorded with serrated to parted margins except C-4 with parted margin and smooth leaf texture with exceptions of coarse leaf in C-4, Chinese white and C-2038. Two most common types of leaf apex have been recorded as acuminate and acute with cordate, hastate and truncate leaf base. Maximum leaf length was recorded in S-1635 as 17 cm followed by Chakmajra as 15 cm and S-13 as 14 cm and 7 cm was recorded in C-4 and Kanva-2 and maximum in S-1635 as 11cm followed by S-13 and chakmajra as 8 cm and least in G-4 and Kanva-2 as 4 cm. Similarly maximum actual leaf area was recorded in genotype S-1635 as 71 cm2 and minimum in genotype C-2038 as 19.5 cm2. Fresh and dry weight of the leaf was recorded to be maximum in S-1635 as 11.4 g and minimum in Kanva-2 as 3.5 g and V-1 as 5.2 g respectively. In addition to fresh and dry leaf weight, moisture percentage and moisture retention capacity was recorded to be maximum of 72.4% in C-4 and minimum of 54.26% in S-1635 and maximum moisture retention capacity of 64% was recorded for G-4 genotype and minimum of 50% in C-2038. Maximum stomatal frequency was observed to be highest of 156 mm2 was recorded in S-1635 and least in Chinese white as 84 mm2 and stomatal index of 16% in V-1 and least in genotype S-13 as 11.1% and Cystolyth frequency was observed to be highest S-13 as 52% and minimum in genotype C-2038 as 24%. Thus, the current study could be used by plant breeders for genetic characterization and evaluation of different genotypes.
Vermicompost is one of the most essential and efficient organic manure commonly applied to the mulberry field in most the advance sericulture countries. Vermicompost is the one of the beneficial biotechnology is the bioconversion of organic waste into useful form. In the current experiment, soil treated with vermicompost of three different treatments viz., Cow dung + Seri-waste (T-1), Cow dung +Seri-waste (T-2) and Cow dung +Seri-waste + Rice straw (T-3) were recorded different parameters. After the application of different treatment of vermicompost the best recorded treatment as a T-as 6.7 pH. The moisture retention capacity was recorded as 52% in T-1 and 74% and 62% respectively in T-2 and T-3, with electric conductivity as 2-3ms/cm. The soil texture of soil treated with T-2 (Cow dung +Seri-waste) showed best input as 50% as compared to T-1 and least in T-3 as 40% and 35% respectively. Application of different treatment of vermicompost on soil recorded to be T-2 (Cow dung +Seri-waste) showed positive response and high availability of microorganisms that are beneficial for the mulberry plant. The germination percentage of seed of mulberry treated with different treatment was recorded to be highest of 90% in T-2 and root and shoot length of plant grown as 26cm and 12cm as compared to T-1 and T-3 as 19 cm and 8cm, 34cm and 10cm respectively. Similarly, the moisture percentage and moisture retention capacity of T-2 was recorded to be highest as 74.64% and 73.21% respectively. Therefore, the current experiment opens new avenues vermicompost substrate for promoting of by-product utilization seri-waste in sericulture. The resultant product could be utilized for agricultural and horticultural as well. The present results offer numerous scopes for further sustainable agriculture with special emphasis on sericulture industry.
Bivoltine silk produced in Jammu and Kashmir is well recognized on global context but even though having most congenial climatic conditions, the raw silk yield is quite low. The reasons can be attributed to lack of awareness on proper rearing practices among the farmers and adoption rate of improved technologies. Therefore, current study was formulated to document the role and responsibilities of various research and extension institutions for progressive development of silk industry in Jammu and Kashmir (J and K). The survey was conducted in Poonch district of J and K, India during the month of March-April; 2021. The survey was conducted with selected (25) farmers and data were collected using questionnaire. Among 25 respondents, only 08 farmers belonged to middle age group (35 to 50 years) and 72% of them had minimum education level of below 10th standard. 21 farmers had more than 20 years of experience in sericulture and 72% farmers had very less exposure towards extension programmes. Only 15 farmers had attended training programmes and none of them have attended workshops, and farmer exhibition commonly known as kissan melas etc. Thus, the study recommends for strong need for collaboration between the farmers and extension professionals for strengthening sericulture. This would help not only to improve the farmers yield realization but also increase their income through sericulture in the long run.
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