In the present study an efficient somatic embryogenesis method has been developed in Catharanthus roseus. Friable embryogenic callus was induced from hypocotyl of in vitro germinated seeds on Murashige and Skoog basal nutrient media supplemented with various auxins particularly 2,4-D (1.0 mg l )1 ). However, only NAA (1.0 mg l )1 ) produced somatic embryos in cultures. Embryo proliferation was even high on the same medium added with BAP. Cotyledonary somatic embryo germinated and converted into plantlets in BAP (0.5 mg l )1 ) added medium following a treatment with gibberellic acid (1.0 mg l )1 ) for maturation. Carbon sources and concentrations had a marked influence on maturation process. Plantlet conversion was better achieved when embryos were matured on 3% fructose or 3-6% maltose. The result discussed in this paper indicates that somatic embryos were produced in numbers and converted plantlets can be used as raw material, genetic modification to embryo precursor cell may improve alkaloid yield further.

Embryogenic callus in Catharanthus roseus was initiated from hypocotyl on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 -2.0 mg dm -3 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA). Calli from other sources were non-embryogenic. Numerous somatic embryos were induced from primary callus on MS medium suplemented with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) within two weeks of culture. Embryo proliferation was much faster on medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). After transfer to medium with gibberellic acid (GA 3, 1.0 mg dm -3 ) mature green embryos were developed and germinated well into plantlets on MS liquid medium supplemented with 0.5 mg dm -3 BAP. Later, embryos with cotyledonary leaves were subjected to different auxins treatments for the development of roots. Before transfer ex vitro, plantlets were cultivated on half strength MS medium containing 3 % sucrose and 0.5 mg dm -3 BAP for additional 2 weeks. Additionally, the effect of liquid medium has been evaluated at different morphogenetic stages.Additional key words: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellic acid, in vitro culture.

Sericulture is an activity where every part can be used for multiple purposes. Sericulture implies significant quantities of secondary and waste products such as perforated silk cocoons, Bombyx mori chrysalides, bedding left-over larval dejections and mulberry plant waste, superseded cocoons, surplus mulberry leaf, root and wood biomass, mulberry fruits, mulberry root biomass etc. Therefore, sericulture to produce only silk fabric can now be transformed into the functional industry by applying appropriate methods in processing the secondary and waste products from sericulture, which can double or even triple the farmers’ income dramatically as obtained from the main activity of silk cocoon production. Thus, in order to ensure a profitable sericulture activity, it is necessary to process these secondary and waste products generated from different sericulture activities to obtain biologically active substances with important uses in: pharmaceutical, cosmetic, paper and cellulose, and organic agricultural food industries. Realizing the scope of utilizing by-products generated from different sericulture activities, in-depth research towards utility optimization is the prime need in placing the sericulture industry on a sound footing. The review is intended to focus on recent advances in comprehensive utilization, diversification and value addition of sericulture resources in broadening the sustainability of sericulture industry.

High frequency of shoot formation was achieved from Solanum nigrum L. leaves on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without any callusing stage. Shoot forming ability was more pronounced on leaves positioned dorsally. For shoot induction, 2.0 mg dm -3 benzylaminopurine and 1.5 mg dm -3 kinetin were observed to be the most effective plant growth regulators (PGRs). The present paper also describes first successful induction of in vitro flowering in S. nigrum. The leaf derived shoots were excised and treated with various root promoting PGRs and 0.25 mg dm -3 indole-3-butyric acid produced maximum number of roots (15.2 per plant). Plants were later transplanted in field with 100 % survival. Solasodine content was higher in in vitro raised shoots and leaf derived callus, compared to ex vitro grown shoots.

In this paper, multi-switching combination-combination synchronization scheme has been investigated between a class of four non-identical fractional-order chaotic systems. The fractional-order Lorenz and Chen's systems are taken as drive systems. The combination-combination of multi drive systems is then synchronized with the combination of fractionalorder Lü and Rössler chaotic systems. In multi-switching combination-combination synchronization, the state variables of two drive systems synchronize with different state variables of two response systems simultaneously. Based on the stability of fractional-order chaotic systems, the multi-switching combination-combination synchronization of four fractional-order non-identical systems has been investigated. For the synchronization of four non-identical fractionalorder chaotic systems, suitable controllers have been designed. Theoretical analysis and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the applied method.

Globalization and its related social, cultural, and economic changes have significant mental health outcomes for young people. However, mental health disorders among youth are seldom included in the range of problems linked to globalization. It is imperative that these multifaceted associations are considered in light of the substantial and increasing burden of disease caused by mental illness, particularly in Asian countries, which are comparatively young and in next few decades will be the major sources of the growth of world's young population. The evidence reviewed in this study makes an argument that globalization has increased [relative] poverty and deprivation, social and income inequality, migration, occupational stress, educational competition, and educated unemployment in India and China. Simultaneously there is evidence which shows that these variables are causally linked with mental health of young people. Altogether, these phenomena are accompanied by higher rates of suicide among lower class, migrant, and student youth. This substantiates the proposition that globalization has significant consequences for the mental health of young people. Some interventions for debate and discussion are considered.

The propensity of carboxyl⋯pyridyl synthon is more than carboxyl⋯pyridyl N-oxide synthon, but carboxyl⋯pyridyl N-oxide synthon forms shorter hydrogen bond than carboxyl⋯pyridyl synthon. Carboxyl⋯pyridyl N-oxide synthon containing systems might show better solubility than the corresponding carboxyl⋯pyridyl synthon containing systems.

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