Flavonoid, polyphenols, especially catechin and epicatechin,are major components in cocoa products, which are known for antioxidant properties. Cocoa bean requires fermentation process in order to obtain good taste. During the fermentation process, polyphenols are oxidized by polyphenol oxidase to form quinone and 2-quinon. The purpose of the research is to determine the total level of polyphenol and antioxidant activity of fermented and roasted cocoa beans. The experiment was using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with fermentation treatment that includes: Without fermentation, three-day fermentation and five-day fermentation. Observation parameters include: Polyphenol level and antioxidant activity with DPPH method. The results showed that the total phenol level of cocoa bean changed during fermentation and after roasting. The highest phenol level was found in cocoa beans without fermentation, and there is a decrease of phenol level to 98% after fermentation and roasting. The fermentation affects the Inhibition Concentration (IC50) of cocoa beans. An unfermented bean showed a very strongly active antioxidant activity with IC50 of 7.848 ppm, whereas three-day fermentation showed a strong antioxidant activity with IC50 of 35.961 ppm, and five-day fermentation is moderately active with IC50 of 55.976 ppm.
This study aims to identify saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in Crude Palm Oil (CPO), palm kernel seeds, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), and cocoa beans using Gas Chromatography (GC-FID). The results of GC-FID analysis showed that VCO contains 90.896% saturated fatty acids, 49.382% CPO, 37.395% palm kernel seeds, and 21.197% cocoa beans. Lauric acid is the highest component in VCO, namely 45.567%, while in CPO the highest component is palmitic acid 43.343%, palm kernel seeds are lauric acid 21.683%, and steric acid 12.120% in cocoa beans. The most unsaturated fatty acids were found in CPO, namely 50.517%, and cocoa beans 11.825%. The unsaturated fatty acids in CPO are oleic acid 39.538% and linoleic acid 10.290%, while in cocoa beans linoleic acid is 11.016%.
Maize is one of the strategic commodities in economic development in Indonesia. The need for maize in Indonesia continues to increase. Adequacy of nutrients affects the physiological process, where Boron (B) is one of the essential nutrients for optimal plant growth, development, yield, and quality. Nutrition B is important in the development of reproductive organs, components of corn and grain yield. This study aims to examine the effect of B on growth and flowering and its effect on yield components and grain yields of prolific maize hybrid. The study was conducted using Separate Plot Design, as the main plot was Bisi 2 variety and Nasa 29 while subplot was level B: 0 kg B ha-1, 0.25 kg B ha-1, and 0.50 kg B ha-1, by foliar application. The results showed that There is no significant difference between Bisi 2 Variety and NASA 29 in flowering parameters, yield components and yield of seeds except for the number of tassel branches and 1000 grains weight. application B up to 0.50 kg B ha−1 showed the highest results and significantly increased the number of tassel branches 5.10%, tassel length 8.62%, and silk dry weight of 29.54%, cob length 6.89%, grain weight per plant 15.69%, 1000 grains weight 8.36% and grain yield (moisture content 15%) 15.80% of 0 kg B ha−1. Application B 0.50 kg B ha−1 can be recommended in the Bisi 2 and Nasa 29 especially in low soils B.
Double row plant systems in corn plants theoretically can improve the efficiency of light interception in leaves, but their effect on grain yields is not consistent in each hybrid type. This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia (Balitsereal) Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. This study aimed to evaluate the response of yields of prolific and nonprolific hybrid corn types to the double row and single row planting systems. Experimental design using Randomized Group Design in divided plot design that was carried out with three replications. The main plot was variety Nasa-29, Bisi-2 (prolific), Bima-19 (nonprolific), while subplot was a double row and single row. The double row planting system did not have a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area index (ILD), but a significant positive effect was found on the number of grains per row of ears, number of ears per plant, and percentage of the weight of the second ear’s grains to the total yield and grain yield. In this study, the significant effect of double rows on each variety tested was not seen on all parameters tested. The double row planting system significantly increases the grain yield and the grain yield was consistent with the increase in the number of ear rows, the number of ear per plant and the percentage of grain weight of the second ears on yield, but not on plant height. The leaf area index achieved in this study may be one of the determinants of increased grain yield. A double row system can be considered as an alternative planting system, especially in the type of prolific hybrid corn to increase the contribution of two ears to grain yield.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.