Improved laboratory protocols for convenient and rapid transformations are highly desired in modern synthetic chemistry. Microwave irradiated reactions have received considerable attention in recent years and it is a subject of intense discussion in the scientific community. Microwave heating is more efficient in terms of the energy used, produces higher temperature homogeneity and is considerably more rapid than conventional heating methods. This technique as an alternative to conventional energy sources for introduction of energy into reactions has become a recognized practical method in various fields of chemistry. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) is known for the spectacular accelerations produced in many reactions as a consequence of the increased heating rate, a phenomenon that cannot be easily reproduced by classical heating means. As a result, higher yields, milder reaction conditions and shorter reaction times can often be attained. Its specific heating method attracts extensive interest not only because of rapid volumetric heating, but also for suppressed side reactions, energy saving, decreased environmental pollutions and safe operations. In this review, we will try to represent an overview on origin and fundamental features of microwave ovens and its usefulness in MAOS.

Vitex negundo Linn. is a woody plant found mainly in Indian subcontinent and its neighbouring countries. Almost all the sections of the plant possess a massive amount of phytochemical secondary metabolites that impart an unparalleled variety of medicinal uses of the plant. Point to note that a single plant species finds use for treatment of a large spectrum of human health ailments in traditional as well as folk medicines, lion part of which have been experimentally proved to be absolutely true. In fact the plant is a constituent of a number of commercially available herbal formulations and has also shown an efficient bio-control instrument. Exercise of biotechnologically advanced procedures would provide resources of rapid proliferation and management of the plant species and from the point of view of phytochemistry, it furnishes opportunities for augmentation of the quality and quantity of the biologically potent secondary metabolites occurring in the plant. In this paper the already reported medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of different parts of the plant have been reviewed.

Green chemistry is an eco-friendly and rapid emerging field of chemistry which offers a green alternative to conventional chemistry practices. It focuses on the reduction, recycling and removal of the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals through innovative alternative routes making desired products with minimum environment impact. Its growing importance is in exploitation of maximum possible resources in such a way that, there is minimum production of undesired chemical wastes. It is helpful to chemists and chemical engineers in research, development and production for improvement of more eco-friendly and efficient products which may also have significant financial benefits. The green chemistry movement is part of a larger movement that leads to sustainable development, sustainable economics and sustainable living practices. Sustainable chemistry is a scientific concept that seeks to improve the efficiency with which natural resources are used to meet human needs for chemical products and services. It encompasses the design, manufacture and use of efficient, effective, safe and more environmentally benign chemical products and processes. This has enormous potential to contribute in renewable energy technologies, synthesis of new molecules and development of pollution prevention technologies. The aim of this review is to raise awareness on the fundamental aspects, necessities and benefits of green chemistry.