This research paper deals with the optimization of a large antenna array for maximum directivity using a modified fruit fly optimization algorithm (MFOA) with random search of two groups of swarm and adaptive fruit fly swarm population size. The MFOA is utilized to determine three nonlinear mathematical test functions, analysis of the optimal number of elements and optimal element spacing of the large antenna array, and analysis of nonuniform amplitude of antenna array. The numerical results demonstrate that the MFOA is effective in solving all test function and electromagnetic problems. The advantages of the proposed algorithm are ease of implementation, large search range, less processing time, and reduced memory requirement.

0, 30 and 330 (xy-plane). Moreover, the findings validate the applicability of either the dielectric slab or three MTM block-layers as the superstrate to improve the antenna gain.

In this paper, a dual-loop gate antenna is designed to generate the magnetic field distribution in various directions. It is applied to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems for animal identification operating at the low frequency (LF) band of 125 kHz and 134.2 kHz. The percentage of volume of magnetic field intensity is introduced and used as a figure of merit in the design. The optimum antenna parameters are also designed by the genetic algorithm (GA) in conjunction with the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC). The prototype antenna was fabricated and tested to confirm the antenna performance in the LF-RFID system for animal identification. It is found that the dual-loop gate antenna can be efficiently used in the LF-RFID system.

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