The problem of rare and unknown words is an important issue that can potentially effect the performance of many NLP systems, including traditional count-based and deep learning models. We propose a novel way to deal with the rare and unseen words for the neural network models using attention. Our model uses two softmax layers in order to predict the next word in conditional language models: one predicts the location of a word in the source sentence, and the other predicts a word in the shortlist vocabulary. At each timestep, the decision of which softmax layer to use is adaptively made by an MLP which is conditioned on the context. We motivate this work from a psychological evidence that humans naturally have a tendency to point towards objects in the context or the environment when the name of an object is not known. Using our proposed model, we observe improvements on two tasks, neural machine translation on the Europarl English to French parallel corpora and text summarization on the Gigaword dataset.

PCR has become a powerful tool for genetic analysis and many applications for gene sequence quantitation are based on this technology (1-3). Standardized reaction conditions require accurate quantitation of input DNA as well as optimization of chemical and cycling parameters. In this study we discuss PicoGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) fluorescence enhancement as a useful assay for template DNA quantitation and PCR product formation.Spectrophotometry is the principal method for evaluating quantity and quality of nucleic acids. In aqueous solution, DNA has maximal absorbance near 260 nm with an extinction coefficient of 50; protein absorbs light strongly near 280 nm. The concentration of a sample can be read directly (in µg/µl) by diluting it 1:20 in water or buffer; a practical lower limit of detection is 50-100 ng DNA in a 50-100 µl microcuvette. The A 260 /A 280 ratio provides an estimate of DNA purity; values of 1.7-2.0 predict 'clean DNA'. However, single-stranded DNA, RNA, PCR primers and dNTPs, or aromatic organic compounds such as phenol interfere by absorbing light in this range. Fixed tissue samples with substantial protein crosslinking and DNA preparations containing added enzymes or protein stabilizers are difficult to evaluate spectrophotometrically (4).Intercalating fluorochromes, such as ethidium bromide or Hoechst 33258, selectively bind to dsDNA. The sensitivity of Hoechst 33258 is ∼25 ng of DNA per assay, but preferential association with domains of high A-T content or reduced binding to DNA fragments <500 bp may result in skewed analysis (5). Accurate evaluation may require sophisticated or dedicated equipment since both dyes photobleach easily and fluorescence enhancement of DNA binding is low, leading to high background readings. These compounds are carcinogenic and pose handling and disposal problems.Electrophoretic array is the most common means of evaluating molecular distribution of both simple and complex DNA samples. When stained with ethidium bromide, transillumination with 254 nm UV light permits CCD camera visualization of a single agarose gel band containing ∼5 ng or a polydisperse sample containing 25-50 ng of dsDNA. SYBR-Green I™ (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) is a proprietary fluorescent dsDNA-specific stain that has an emission peak at 520 nm following excitation at 254 or 497 nm. Image collection and analysis with 254 nm transillumination requires the use of an optical quality band-pass filter to eliminate infrared interference. SYBR-Green I is more sensitive than ethidium bromide with a limit detection of ∼50 pg

Over the past decade, large-scale supervised learning corpora have enabled machine learning researchers to make substantial advances.However, to this date, there are no large-scale questionanswer corpora available. In this paper we present the 30M Factoid Question-Answer Corpus, an enormous question answer pair corpus produced by applying a novel neural network architecture on the knowledge base Freebase to transduce facts into natural language questions.The produced question answer pairs are evaluated both by human evaluators and using automatic evaluation metrics, including well-established machine translation and sentence similarity metrics. Across all evaluation criteria the questiongeneration model outperforms the competing template-based baseline. Furthermore, when presented to human evaluators, the generated questions appear comparable in quality to real human-generated questions.

Interleukin-8 appears to be associated with development of radicular pain by back extension and to be activated on acute or subacute disc herniations. IL-8 seems to participate in the pathomechanism of nerve root inflammation in lumbar disc herniations, which implies that it may be considered a target for therapeutic intervention.

No abstract

Transligamentous extension of herniated disc materials through the ruptured PLL is more important to its reduction in size than is the initial size of the herniated disc. Decrease in herniation ratio of more than 20% seems to correspond to successful clinical outcome.

Application of PRF to the DRG appears to be an effective and relatively safe intervention technique for chronic cervical radicular pain refractory to repeated TFESIs.

Our result demonstrated that the mechanical hypersensitivity, induced by L5 SNL, was attenuated by a PRF procedure on the ipsilateral DRG. This analgesic effect may be associated with an attenuation of the microglial activation in the dorsal horn.