Nature-based solutions (NBS) have recently received attention due to their potential ability to sustainably reduce hydro-meteorological risks, providing co-benefits for both ecosystems and affected people. Therefore, pioneering research has dedicated efforts to optimize the design of NBS, to evaluate their wider co-benefits and to understand promoting and/or hampering governance conditions for the uptake of NBS. In this article, we aim to complement this research by conducting a comprehensive literature review of factors shaping people’s perceptions of NBS as a means to reduce hydro-meteorological risks. Based on 102 studies, we identified six topics shaping the current discussion in this field of research: (1) valuation of the co-benefits (including those related to ecosystems and society); (2) evaluation of risk reduction efficacy; (3) stakeholder participation; (4) socio-economic and location-specific conditions; (5) environmental attitude, and (6) uncertainty. Our analysis reveals that concerned empirical insights are diverse and even contradictory, they vary in the depth of the insights generated and are often not comparable for a lack of a sound theoretical-methodological grounding. We, therefore, propose a conceptual model outlining avenues for future research by indicating potential inter-linkages between constructs underlying perceptions of NBS to hydro-meteorological risks.

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are seen as a promising adaptation measure that sustainably deals with diverse societal challenges, while simultaneously delivering multiple benefits. Nature-based solutions have been highlighted as a resilient and sustainable means of mitigating floods and other hazards globally. This study examined diverging conceptualizations of NBS, as well as the attitudinal (for example, emotions and beliefs) and contextual (for example, legal and political aspects) barriers and drivers of NBS for flood risks in South Korea. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 experts and focused on the topic of flood risk measures and NBS case studies. The analysis found 11 barriers and five drivers in the attitudinal domain, and 13 barriers and two drivers in the contextual domain. Most experts see direct monetary benefits as an important attitudinal factor for the public. Meanwhile, the cost-effectiveness of NBS and their capacity to cope with flood risks were deemed influential factors that could lead decision makers to opt for NBS. Among the contextual factors, insufficient systems to integrate NBS in practice and the ideologicalization of NBS policy were found to be peculiar barriers, which hinder consistent realization of initiatives and a long-term national plan for NBS. Understanding the barriers and drivers related to the mainstreaming of NBS is critical if we are to make the most of such solutions for society and nature. It is also essential that we have a shared definition, expectation, and vision of NBS.

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Tree-Mesh Heterogeneous Topology forLow-Latency NoC SUNGJU HAN DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITYIn Network-on-Chip (NoC), topology is one of the most important design choices that determine performance and power consumption. Mesh, being the most popular NoC topology for many researches and products, is mainly tailored towards high throughput. However, many researches show that NoCs rarely operate under heavy load and that latency is often much more critical in practice. In this paper, I show that by adding a small tree network to assist the baseline mesh network, the zero-load latency can be greatly reduced while still maintaining the high throughput. For the management of the hybrid network, I propose a novel algorithm to steer each packet to different networks based on hop-count gain. The algorithm also includes latency ii monitoring scheme and contention monitoring scheme in order to prevent tree network to get contested too much. Experiments were performed not only on synthetic traffics but also on real application workloads to evaluate the performance of the proposed design. The results show improvements on zero-load latency, throughput, and moreover, energy consumption.

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<p>Individual adaptation is essential for achieving community resilience as well as coping with residual risks that have not been addressed by current structural schemes for reducing flood risks. At the same time, it also implies that individuals should have the resources and capacity to protect themselves. So far, this has been interpreted in the social vulnerability concept as accounting only for income, wealth, or other materially relevant factors, showing how much vulnerable people are exposed to more risk. However, individual behavioural adaptability has hardly been included in the current vulnerability assessment.</p> <p>In light of this, this study proposes a novel way to expand and link social classes using well-established social vulnerability indicators (i.e. income, education, and job status) with socio-psychological and lifestyle elements theoretically and empirically known to influence individual protective behaviour. We conducted a bias-adjusted three-step Latent Class Analysis (LCA) with covariates (socio-psychological and lifestyle elements) and distal outcomes (adaptive behaviour). A household survey (n = 1,753) conducted between June and July 2020 in 11 cities in Saxony, Germany, was used.</p> <p>The preliminary result shows that socio-psychological and cultural factors that influence individual decision-making on proactive adaptive behaviour co-vary with social classes based on their resource endowment. It also revealed that the lower class tends to have less implementation of costly adaptation methods, for example, structural measures on housing, while less costly measures did not make a significant difference. As a result, we recommend that, in addition to the lack of material endowment, which can be associated with an increased risk of exposure, individual inaction of protective behaviour motivated by socio-psychological traits be considered for social vulnerability.</p>

<p>There is an increasing rise in the number of publications addressing <strong>social vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation (SVRA)</strong> aspects of natural hazards and climate change. Despite the abundance of research in this field, a systematic understanding of how these studies are theoretically grounded is lacking.</p><p>In this study, we conducted a systematic review of 4432 articles that address SVRA across a range of disciplinary fields (e.g. psychology, sociology, geography, mathematics) and natural hazards (e.g. floods, droughts, landslides, storm surges, wildfires, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcano eruptions). We investigate the extent to which these studies explicate the frameworks, theoretical constructs or theories they rely on.</p><p>Our findings indicate that about 90% of the studies under consideration do not explicitly refer to a theoretical underpinning. Overall, theories focusing on individuals' SVRA were more frequent than those focusing on systems, society, groups, and networks. Furthermore, the uptake of theories varied according to the hazard investigated and field of knowledge, being more frequent in wildfire and flood studies and articles published in social science journals.</p><p>We argue that the abundance of empirical material in SVRA research that lacks explicit theoretical grounding is objectionable. As a result, SVRA research seems to spin in circles: researchers repeatedly conduct similar analyses in different geographical settings with inconsistent or incommensurable findings. Thus, we recommend making theoretical considerations salient to foster more transparent, comparable, and robust empirical research on SVRA.</p>

Nature‐based solutions (NBS) have gained popularity as a sustainable and effective way of dealing with increasing flood risks. One of the key factors that often hinders the successful implementation of NBS is residents’ opposition to their implementation. In this study, we argue that the place where a hazard exists should be considered a critical contextual factor alongside flood risk appraisals and perceptions of NBS themselves. We have developed a theoretical framework—the “Place‐based Risk Appraisal Model (PRAM)”—that draws on constructs inspired by theories of place and risk perception. A citizen survey (n = 304) was conducted in five municipalities in Saxony‐Anhalt, Germany, where dike relocation and floodplain restoration projects have been conducted along the Elbe River. Structural equation modeling was adopted to test the PRAM. Attitudes toward the projects were assessed in terms of “perceived risk‐reduction effectiveness” and “supportive attitude.” With regard to risk‐related constructs, well‐communicated information and perceived co‐benefits were consistently positive factors for both perceived risk‐reduction effectiveness and supportive attitude. Trust in local flood risk management was a positive and threat appraisal a negative predictor of perceived risk‐reduction effectiveness affecting “supportive attitude” only through “perceived risk‐reduction effectiveness.” Regarding place attachment constructs, place identity was a negative predictor of a supportive attitude. The study emphasizes that risk appraisal, pluralities of place contexts to each individual, and their relations are key for determining attitudes toward NBS. Understanding these influencing factors and their interrelationships enables us to provide theory‐ and evidence‐based recommendations for the effective realization of NBS.