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Buildup of a porous layer of nanoparticles on the heated surface occurs upon boiling of nanofluids containing alumina, zirconia, or silica nanoparticles. This layer significantly improves the surface wettability, as shown by a reduction of the static contact angle on the nanofluid-boiled surfaces compared with the pure-water-boiled surfaces. The contact angle reduction is attributed to changes in surface energy and surface morphology brought about by the presence of the nanoparticle layer. The high surface wettability can plausibly explain the boiling critical heat flux enhancement in nanofluids.

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It is shown that addition of alumina, zinc-oxide, and diamond particles can enhance the critical heat flux (CHF) limit of water in flow boiling. The particles used here were in the nanometer range (<100 nm) and at low concentration (≤0.1 vol %). The CHF tests were conducted at 0.1 MPa and at three different mass fluxes (1500 kg/m2 s, 2000 kg/m2 s, and 2500 kg/m2 s). The thermal conditions at CHF were subcooled. The maximum CHF enhancement was 53%, 53%, and 38% for alumina, zinc oxide, and diamond, respectively, always obtained at the highest mass flux. A postmortem analysis of the boiling surface reveals that its morphology is altered by deposition of the particles during boiling. Additionally, the wettability of the surface is substantially increased, which seems to correlate well with the observed CHF enhancement.

The mitochondrial localization observed in oncogenic BRAF mutants might be related to their altered responses to apoptotic stimuli and characteristic metabolic phenotypes found in thyroid cancer. The inability of MEK and RAF inhibitors, U0126 and sorafenib, respectively, to block the mitochondrial localization of BRAF(V600E) has additional therapeutic implications for BRAF(V600E)-positive thyroid cancers.

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