Low temperature and noxious chemicals activate transient receptor potential (TRP) A1 channel in spinal nociceptive neurons. TRPA1 ligands are found as common ingredients of pungent spices and can trigger autonomic reflexes and alter blood pressure. Recent discovery of TRPA1 on visceral afferent pathway suggests such nonnociceptive responses may be closely related to TRPA1. To understand potential contributions of TRPA1 on autonomic response, we have tested TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) effects on mechanically dispersed nucleus tractus solitarii neurons. AITC of 200 microM increased glutamate release in 58% of tested neurons and TRP channel antagonist ruthenium red (50 microM) blocked the AITC actions. tetrodotoxin and Cd did not eliminate AITC-evoked glutamate release increase. TRPA1 expressed in capsaicin-sensitive and insensitive neurons.
In this study, we propose an approach for the design and satisfy the requirements of the fabrication of a small, lightweight, reliable, and stable ultra-wideband receiver for millimeter-wave bands and the contents of the approach. In this paper, we designed and fabricated a stable receiver with having low noise figure, flat gain characteristics, and low noise characteristics, suitable for millimeter-wave bands. The method uses the chip-and-wire process for the assembly and operation of a bare MMIC device. In order to compensate for the mismatch between the components used in the receiver, an amplifier, mixer, multiplier, and filter suitable for wideband frequency characteristics were designed and applied to the receiver. To improve the low frequency and narrow bandwidth of existing products, mathematical modeling of the wideband receiver was performed and based on this spurious signals generated from complex local oscillation signals were designed so as not to affect the RF path. In the ultra-wideband receiver, the gain was between 22.2 dB and 28.5 dB at Band A (input frequency, 18-26 GHz) with a flatness of approximately 6.3 dB, while the gain was between 21.9 dB and 26.0 dB at Band B (input frequency, 26-40 GHz) with a flatness of approximately 4.1 dB. The measured value of the noise figure at Band A was 7.92 dB and the maximum value of noise figure, measured at Band B was 8.58 dB. The leakage signal of the local oscillator (LO) was-97.3 dBm and-90 dBm at the 33 GHz and 44 GHz path, respectively. Measurement was made at the 15 GHz IF output of band A (LO, 33 GHz) and the suppression characteristic obtained through the measurement was approximately 30 dBc.
In this article, a high-speed antenna measurement system using multi-probe array technique for 5G application is suggested. The spherical near-field scan measurement system for millimeter wave frequency band (3 GHz–40 GHz) and the multi-probe array rotation method is adopted to improve the antenna measurement speed. The proposed measurement RF system consists of the 14 multi-probe array (28 channel with dual-polarization), switch matrix, downconverters, amplifiers/attenuators, digitizers, and signal generators, and is compared to the conventional planar near-field scan antenna measurement system. The measurement speed performance can be improved significantly and the 3D beam pattern of the AUT can be achieved. The designed system was verified through comparison with a verified far-field measurement system. In addition, to increase the measurement efficiency, an effective sampling technique was proposed and verified.
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