A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor has been developed and investigated for multiple metal ions detection. The GCE was modified with the synthesized multifunctional calix[4]arene and the anodic stripping voltammetry was used for the simultaneous electrochemical analysis of Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ and Hg 2+ ions. The analysis conditions were optimized with respect to modifier's loaded concentration, accumulation time, potential, supporting electrolyte and pH of the media. The bis(imidazo[4,5-f][1, 10]phenanthroline) appended bis-triazolo Calix[4] arene modified glassy carbon electrode (compound (8)/GCE) exhibited fast electron transfer rate for the stripping signals of Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ and Hg 2+ ions as evidenced from square wave anodic stripping voltammograms. The linear calibration curves were used for the evaluation of the detection limits with values of 0.037, 0.015 and 0.025 nM for Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ and Hg 2+ respectively. The modified electrode showed the qualities of repeatability, reproducibility and selectivity for Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ and Hg 2+ in the presence of common competitive metal ions. The study was extended to real water samples by sensing the traces of given metal cations in locally collected drinking water samples. The results reveal that the compound (8)/GCE is an extremely sensitive, cheap and portable electrochemical platform for the detection of multiple heavy metal ions in the drinking water reservoirs and seawater.
The present work is aimed at the development of highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on immobilization of 1-phenyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)ethanamine (PTE) on glassy carbon electrode (PTEGCE) for the detection of cupric ions (Cu 2+ ), employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Several experimental parameters were optimized including concentration of the modifier, pH, and scan rate, number of cycles, accumulation time, deposition potential and supporting electrolytes. The designed sensor showed nice voltammetric response in media of different pH, demonstrated good percentage recoveries and exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity. The designed sensor was also not interfered much by the presence of other metal ions. A wide linear range with very low limit of detection as compared to the reported methods reveal the applicability of our designed sensor as a preferred analytical tool. The limit of detection as low as 0.11 nM was obtained using PTEGCE. We expect that these results will let the chemists to apply this sensor for various metallic, organic and organometallic toxins with slight modification.
The glassy carbon electrode was fabricated
with multifunctional bis-triazole-appended calix[4]arene and then
used for the simultaneous detection of Zn(II), Pb(II), As(III), and
Hg(II). Before applying the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry,
the sensitivity and precision of the modified electrode was assured
by optimizing various conditions such as the modifier concentration,
pH of the solution, deposition potential, accumulation time, and supporting
electrolytes. The modified glassy carbon electrode was found to be
responsive up to picomolar limits for the aforementioned heavy metal
ions, which is a concentration limit much lower than the threshold
level permitted by the World Health Organization. Importantly, the
designed sensing platform showed anti-interference ability, good stability,
repeatability, reproducibility, and applicability for the detection
of multiple metal ions. The detection limits obtained for Zn(II),
Pb(II), As(III), and Hg(II) are 66.3, 14.6, 71.9, and 28.9 pM, respectively.
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