Locally produced charcoal through traditional technology is a source of income to the inhabitants of Kpaai district, Bong-County, Liberia and this has invariably contributed significantly to the country Gross Domestic Product. Two sets of questionnaires were designed and administered randomly to eighty seven consumers and fifty five producers representing sample intensity of between 54-68% and 10-10.3% respectively in five communities among the clans of Waytuah and Wotola. Field observation and Interview data collected were descriptively analysed using SPSS 20. Three traditional earth kiln methods of charcoal production were identified among the producers that are mostly male (69.20-85.10%). Women representing 61.20-82.70% of the consumer in the age range of 21-30 years (36.4-71.40%) were spending between 13-25% of their income on charcoal. Producers have recorded various achievement from the income range of between LD5, 000-20,000 realized monthly. Dirty of their bodies and houses, sicknesses, generating smoke and ash dust were the forms of social economic impact being encountered. Research findings will assist Liberia Government in developing appropriate modern technology for efficient charcoal production and sustainable energy generation as part of REDD + implementation process.

Sustainable tourism is contributing to environmental conservation and socio-economic well-being of local communities; however, there is a paucity of knowledge on the sustainability of Idanre Hills despite its huge ecotourism potentials. A mixed-methodological approach was employed in analysing surveyed data on tourist influx and household's responses from neighbouring communities at the study site and the management staff of the Idanre Hills. Physical field observations were also conducted to assess tourist attractions and their location coordinates. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the empirical analysis. Findings revealed a significant negative correlation between local entrepreneurial investments and economic gains in the host communities. Private investors have not benefited significantly from the economic payback of Idanre Hills as a major ecotourism site. Internally generated revenue to the state government in tourism mainly comes from toll fees and rents charged on local restaurants and bars which signify infinitesimal contribution to overall State's finance. Local visitors were found to have outrun foreign visitors even when total influx rose by 70.8% between 2005 and 2016. There are also positive cultural and environmental impacts of ecotourism practise; therefore, social amenities and infrastructural facilities are necessary to boost the local economy and encourage private entrepreneurial investments in the ecotourism industry. These policy insights would serve as developmental pathways towards actualising the chore of enlisting Idanre Hills on UNESCO World Heritage List.

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Social demographic characteristics are critical factors that bolster visitation pattern in relation to choice of destination and increase marketability in today's hospitality industry. This is a serious consideration for undertaken this study on the influence of demographic factors on visitation pattern among tourists to selected ecolodges in Cross River State Nigeria. The survey was conducted in Cross River National Park and Obudu Mountain Resorts between December 2019 and November 2020. Convenience sampling technique was adopted to administer 635 structured questionnaires at both locations. The findings revealed information on social demographic characteristics of the respondents and visitation pattern to the selected destinations. Regression result indicated that income and age are significant socio-demographic variables predicted variation in customers’ visitation pattern. Designing of marketing strategies for ecolodge products/services based on the available information on social demographic factors of the visitors were canvassed for policy implementation.

The sustainability of cultural heritage resources is strongly linked to the effective participation of local communities in the conservation and management of these resources. This forms the basis for undertaken this project in the selected communities in Ondo and Ekiti State of Yoruba ethnic groups of South Western Nigeria. Multiple research methods were employed for this study including Key Informants Interview and administration of structured questionnaire to the purposively selected respondents. A sample of 768 respondents was selected from the total population of 895,406 using sample determination method. The selection of respondents was based on their proximity to the resources, their local knowledge, communal ownership, disposition and willingness to participate in the study. The data collected was rated on a 5 point Likert scale and then subjected to the weighted mean analysis. Spearman correlation and linear regression were used to test hypotheses in order to established relationships between sociodemographic characteristics and level of community participation. Output from this research, emphasizes the need to improve the state of heritage properties through effective conservation and sustainable management practices and increasing community involvement and participation. This will serve as a blueprint and developmental framework for policymakers in heritage resources conservation and management with the intention of linking these resources to increase direct economic benefits to local communities.