Socio-economic Impact of Traditional Technology of Charcoal Production in Kpaai District-Bong County Liberia

Abstract

Locally produced charcoal through traditional technology is a source of income to the inhabitants of Kpaai district, Bong-County, Liberia and this has invariably contributed significantly to the country Gross Domestic Product. Two sets of questionnaires were designed and administered randomly to eighty seven consumers and fifty five producers representing sample intensity of between 54-68% and 10-10.3% respectively in five communities among the clans of Waytuah and Wotola. Field observation and Interview data collected were descriptively analysed using SPSS 20. Three traditional earth kiln methods of charcoal production were identified among the producers that are mostly male (69.20-85.10%). Women representing 61.20-82.70% of the consumer in the age range of 21-30 years (36.4-71.40%) were spending between 13-25% of their income on charcoal. Producers have recorded various achievement from the income range of between LD5, 000-20,000 realized monthly. Dirty of their bodies and houses, sicknesses, generating smoke and ash dust were the forms of social economic impact being encountered. Research findings will assist Liberia Government in developing appropriate modern technology for efficient charcoal production and sustainable energy generation as part of REDD + implementation process.

Annual Income Contribution of Wood Fuel Production from Small-scale Plantation Forest Experience from Farmers in Fagta Lekoma, Awi zone, Amhara, Ethiopia

“…The study also found that charcoal production and firewood production for markets provide higher average annual income for households than other non-crop means of income. Modernizing the process of wood fuel production system reduces environmental pollution while decreasing the risk of wood fuel production More study needed to reduce the damage due to disease and pest in the planation sector while diversifying the number of fast-growing tree species [10]. Households engage in crop production, wood fuel production, livestock production, bamboo production, and formal employment as their sources of livelihood in the study area.…”

“…The dispute aggravated by the expansion of tree plantation on productive cropland of which is strongly unsupported by local agricultural experts. The expansion of tree planting on cropland creates a conflict of interest between cropland and tree plantation land [10] so this study tries to seek solutions for harmonizing conflict of interest between farmers and development agents by providing scientific information.…”

Annual Income Contribution of Wood fuel production from Small-scale Plantation Forest Experience from Farmers in Fagta Lekoma, Awi zone, Amhara, Ethiopia

“…The study also found that charcoal production and firewood production for markets provide higher average annual income for households than other non-crop means of income. Modernizing the process of wood fuel production system reduces environmental pollution while decreasing the risk of wood fuel production More study needed to reduce the damage due to disease and pest in the planation sector while diversifying the number of fastgrowing tree species (Oladeji, Ologunwa, & Tonkollie, 2018). Households engage in crop production, wood fuel production, livestock production, bamboo production, and formal employment as their sources of livelihood in the study area.…”

Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Reductants in the Ferromanganese Alloy Production: A Review

“…On LCA basis, production and conversion routes of fossil fuel-based reductants must be compared to renewable ones. Socioeconomic factors are especially important for the biomass and charcoal production in developing countries, in which biomass and charcoal are the main fuels for heating and cooking [62][63][64][65]. While a larger charcoal demand positively affects the economy of the producers [65], low-and middle-income countries rely on affordable and sustainable cooking fuel supply [64].…”