This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Human Life on earth is driven by energy and with the global challenge on best ways to manage waste, there is need to convert organic waste to bioenergy which will help reduce the rate of environmental pollution and over dependence on conventional source of energy. In this investigation maize chaff were inoculated with cow rumen using different concentration ratios (S/I) of 1:1, 1: 1.55, 1:3.5 for 25, 31 and 37 days Retention Time (RT) as design by Central Composite Face Centered Design to optimize the process and predict the best response. The result obtained shows that the mixture ratio of 0.65 (1:1.55) for 31 days gave the optimum yield while 0.65 mixing ratio for 37 days gave the maximum yield at 0.42L under mesophilic (20°C to 45°C) condition. The Flash point of the cummulative maximum yield was -164°C which is really flammable. The model F-value is 95.03, p-values is < 0.0001 which is less than 0.05 and both values indicate model terms are significant. Lack of Fit F-value of 0.43 implies the fitting effect is good. Its R2 value of 0.9855 is very close to 1 which is good. In addition, the biogas products were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The FTIR analyzes showed the presence of Alcohol and was further proven by 69% methane gotten as indicated by the GC-MS. Thus, the result shows high methane yield, flammability and suitability for maize chaff inoculated with cow rumen for energy production.
Stainless steel is an alloy of steel which contains at least 10.5% chromium, less than 1.2% carbon, and other alloying elements and it is widely used in many industries globally and their properties are highly influenced by their microstructure, heat treatment or by plastic deformation. But due to hardness, poor wear, and corrosion resistance, leading to short service life, there is need to investigate the effect of annealing on the mechanical properties of alloy 304H stainless steel and how the mechanical properties can be improved with a view of improving its service life and optimizing engineering usage. Sixteen (16) samples of the alloy were used. Twelve (12) samples were annealed at three different temperatures of 950oC, 1000oC and 1050oC inside a muffle furnace. At each temperature four samples were heat-treated inside the muffle furnace for 30 minutes. The result showed that the yield strength decreased from un-annealed sample to annealed samples at 950oC with a value of 504.8MPa and increased at 1000oC with a value of 610MPa and a decrease of 323.8 MPa was obtained at 1050oC. Also, the ultimate tensile strength showed an increase from 950oC with a value of 826.3MPa to 1000oC with a value of 930MPa but there was a slight decrease at 1050oC for all samples. The ultimate tensile strength at 1000oC with a value of 930MPa was the highest in all the samples. The annealed samples at 1000oC had the highest percentage elongation of 13.57% which shows an increase in the ductility of the material. The hardness of the material decreased from 157.25 BHN at 950oC to 134.00BHN at 1000oC. An increase to 169.50BHN was however obtained at 1050oC. Thus, full-annealing of alloy 304H stainless steel at 1000oC increases in ductility as hardness decreases.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.